The Sudan Handbook

anyanya souRCE of aRms

• Stolen/captured government weapons


• Weapons captured from ‘Simba’ in 1965


• Weapons supplied by external supporters
  towards the end of war (Uganda, Israel)

anyanya thEatRE of oPERations

• Confined to rural areas of Southern Sudan


• No towns taken

anyanya foRm of administRation

• Rudimentary civil structures


• ‘Shadow’ administration of chiefs in rural
  areas


• No relief wing

anyanya oRGanizational ChallEnGEs

• Guerrilla factionalism at beginning


• Exile political wings often divorced from
  armed wings


• Unified command with external support at
  end


• Political wing subordinated to military
  command at end

anyanya obJECtiVEs & aChiEVEmEnts

Aims:

• Self-determination
  Achievement:


• Semi-autonomous Southern Region

anyanya undER PEaCE aGREEmEnt

• Absorbed into regular army, police, prisons,
  game wardens


• Many soldiers rotated out of South to
  northern garrisons


• Senior officers gradually retired and weeded
  out of army

sPla souRCE of aRms

• Captured weapons


• Weapons supplied by Ethiopia


• Weapons obtained from sympathetic
  movements (SWAPO, ANC)


• Arms purchases
  sPla thEatRE of oPERations


• Extensive control of Southern Sudan


• Several towns taken and held, including a
  number of province capitals


• Expanded fighting outside Southern Sudan
  (Nuba Mountains, southern Blue Nile, Eastern
  Sudan)

sPla foRm of administRation

• Military-civil administrators


• Co-optation and subordination of chiefs
  courts


• Boma/Payam/County structure created in
  1990s


• Organized relief wing
  sPla oRGanizational ChallEnGEs


• Unified command with external support from
  the beginning


• Political wing subordinated to military
  command (‘no paper cabinets’)


• Factionalism emerges with loss of external
  support


• Partial re-unification achieved at end
  sPlm obJECtiVEs & aChiEVEmEnts
  Aims:


• ‘New Sudan’
  Achievement:


• CPA


• Stronger Southern government


• Ministerial positions in national government


• Self-determination

sPla undER PEaCE aGREEmEnt

• Separate army retained in South


• Demobilization and/or absorption of militias


• JIU’s formed from SPLA and SAF as separate
  units

Anyanya SPLM/SPLA

The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Jok. © 2011 Rift Valley Institute and contributors

(www.riftvalley.net).