kinetic, 76
light, 74
quantization of for bound states, 898
energy density
of electric field, 605
of gravitational field, 609
of magnetic field, 610, 691
energy-momentum four vector, 437
engine
automobile, 340
Carnot, 321
heat, 307
Otto cycle, 340
Enlightenment, 856
entanglement, 883, 1004
of macroscopic objects, 886
entropy
macroscopic definition, 323
microscopic definition, 329
equilibrium, 86
metastable, 87
neutral, 86
redefined, 265
stable, 86
unstable, 87
equipartition theorem, 334
equivalence principle, 446
equivalent resistance
of resistors in parallel, 554
erg (unit), 78, 1027
escape velocity, 102
esu (electrostatic unit), 1027
ether, 413
Euclidean geometry, 443
Euler’s formula, 627
Euler, Leonhard, 627
event horizon, 450
evolution, 799
randomness in, 856
exclusion principle, 938, 984
exponential decay, 863
rate of, 866
eye
evolution of, 799
human, 800
farad
defined, 612
Faraday, Michael, 529
types of electricity, 530
Fermat’s principle,seeleast time, principle of
ferrite bead, 739
ferromagnetism, 742
field
electric, 583
gravitational, 579, 580
fields
superposition of, 581
fields of force, 577
flatworm, 799
fluid
defined, 208
fluorescent light, 621
flux
additivity by charge, 643
additivity by region, 643
defined, 640
in Gauss’ theorem, 642
focal angle, 789
focal length, 790
focal point, 790
force
analysis of forces, 160
defined, 149
distinguished from energy, 154
fields of, 577
normal, 156
transmission, 162
Foucault, 65
four-vector, 425
energy-momentum, 437
Fourier’s theorem, 368
fourier-spectra, 386
frame of reference, 63
inertial, 63
in general relativity, 449
Franklin, Benjamin
definition of signs of charge, 477
French Revolution, 24
frequency, 118
of waves, 365
friction
fluid, 159
kinetic, 156
static, 156
fringeIndex 1095