Silk Road, 25, 40, 225
southern, 54
Singapore, 3, 117, 124, 125, 126, 132,
164, 178, 185, 193, 210, 212, 213,
239
Chinese in, 126, 239
relations with China, 124–5, 132,
193, 210, 212, 239
Singhasari, kingdom of, 63
Sino–Japanese wars
of 1895, 129
of 1937, 132, 133, 140
Sino–Soviet conflict, 177, 178, 181, 183
Sino–Vietnamese, 39, 44, 45, 56, 147
sinocentricity, 2, 18, 30, 33, 72, 93
Sipsong Phan Na, 80. See also
Xishuangbanna
smuggling, 31, 77, 93, 98
Sogetu, Mongol general, 61, 62
Son of Heaven (tian-zi), 10, 15, 17, 18, 21,
30, 34, 35, 41, 42, 45, 46, 49, 60, 67,
68, 71, 73, 74, 81, 87, 93, 108, 110,
- See alsoemperor, role of
Song dynasty, 45–9, 50, 52, 53, 59, 60,
68, 75, 225
South China Sea, 38, 195, 214, 218, 221,
133, 242, 243
Southeast Asia, passim
South-east Asia Treaty Organisation
(SEATO), 169, 171
Southern Ocean, 23, 25, 27, 39, 40, 42, - See alsoNanyang
Soviet Union, 3, 130, 142, 143, 150,
152, 153, 156, 164, 167, 168, 176,
178, 180, 183, 185, 186, 187, 192,
194, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204,
205, 208, 209, 210, 212, 218
relations with China, 153, 158,
167–8, 176–7, 178, 180, 181, 183,
184, 187, 194, 198–9, 201, 203,
205–6
See alsoMoscow; Russia
Spain/Spanish, 96, 101, 104, 105, 107,
110, 131, 135, 238
Special Economic Zones, 210
Spratly (Nansha) Islands, 180, 198,
216–21, 223, 227, 229, 232, 242, 243,
245
Sri Lanka, 26, 38, 41, 84, 88, 97, 103,
111
Srivijaya, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 77, 88
Stalin, Josef, 153, 176
status
discrepancy, 228–9
importance of
for China, 19, 21, 22, 33, 34, 41,
46, 70, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 93,
94, 114, 166
for PRC, 2, 3, 6, 142, 148, 149,
155, 165, 177, 187, 191, 197, 198,
221, 222, 223, 224, 228–9, 236–7,
244, 245
tributary/vassal, 31, 33, 34, 45, 55, 56,
63, 91, 111, 166
steppe peoples, 21, 46
Straits Settlements, 117, 124, 126
succession disputes, 28, 102, 103, 114,
160
Suharto, 179, 190, 215, 234
Sui dynasty, 39, 40, 54
Sukarno, 144, 161, 171, 172, 177, 178–9,
190, 234
Sukhothai, kingdom of, 57, 65, 66, 67,
74
embassies to China, 65
Sulu, 97, 237, 238
embassies to China, 97, 110
Sumatra, 26, 36, 41, 48, 74, 77, 87, 88,
91, 97, 98, 110, 125
Sun Yatsen, 130, 132
Sunda Islands, 97
superiority, Chinese assumptions of, 9,
18, 21, 23, 42, 46, 48, 67, 70, 74, 75,
86, 96, 114, 155, 156, 191, 201, 208,
236
Suryavarman II, king of Angkor, 49
Suvanna Phuma, 174–5
Suvarnabhumi, 26Index