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khardt & Biermann, 1991.UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY
Since the 1950s, underwater photography has
grown increasingly popular. Yet, the history of
underwater photography actually began 100 years
earlier when, in 1856, the British engineer William
Thompson attempted to photograph the sub-
merged structure of a bridge spanning the Wey
River. To protect the camera from the surging
water, he constructed a watertight box with one
plate glass side covered by a wooden string-oper-
ated shutter. Once the apparatus was lowered from
a row boat down to the river bed, Thompson
opened the shutter. While the box itself flooded,
Thompson did manage to capture a vague image
of the weed-covered river bottom. Additional
experiments in underwater photography occurred
in the 1860s and 1870s when the French photogra-
pher Ernest Bazin attempted without success to
take photographs from the porthole of a diving
bell. Meanwhile, in the United States, the British
photographer Eadweard Muybridge, responsible
for the first series of fast motion photographs,
conducted his own trials in underwater photogra-
phy with a camera in a watertight casing lowered
into the San Francisco Bay. However, the French
scientist Louis Boutan is credited with producing
the first true underwater photograph in 1893. To
assist his study of aquatic creatures off the coast
of southern France, Boutan set out to photogra-
phically record his subjects. Like his predecessors,
Boutan recognized the need to construct a water-
tight container for the camera to counteract the
corrosive effects of water and amplified atmosphe-
ric pressure. Boutan’s preferred housing weighed
several hundred pounds and, despite the buoying
tendencies of water, required an attached floatation
device for underwater maneuvering. During theUNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY