- Maillet JM, Fitoussi F, Penaud D, et al. Concordance of antibiotic prophylaxis, direct Gram staining
and protected brush specimen culture results for postoperative patients with suspected pneumonia.
Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006; 23(7):563–567. - Davis KA, Eckert MJ, Reed RL II, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in injured patients: do you
trust your Gram’s stain? J Trauma 2005; 58(3):462–466; discussion 466–467. - Blot F, Raynard B, Chachaty E, et al. Value of gram stain examination of lower respiratory tract
secretions for early diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162
(5):1731–1737. - Prekates A, Nanas S, Argyropoulou A, et al. The diagnostic value of gram stain of bronchoalveolar
lavage samples in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 1998;
30(1):43–47. - Woske HJ, Roding T, Schulz I, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a surgical intensive care
unit: epidemiology, etiology and comparison of three bronchoscopic methods for microbiological
specimen sampling. Crit Care 2001; 5(3):167–173. - Wu CL, Yang D, Wang NY, et al. Quantitative culture of endotracheal aspirates in the diagnosis of
ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with treatment failure. Chest 2002; 122(2):662–668. - Aucar JA, Bongera M, Phillips JO, et al. Quantitative tracheal lavage versus bronchoscopic protected
specimen brush for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Am
J Surg 2003; 186(6):591–596. - Timsit JF, Misset B, Goldstein FW, et al. Reappraisal of distal diagnostic testing in the diagnosis of
ICU-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1995; 108(6):1632–1639. - Michaud S, Suzuki S, Harbarth S. Effect of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests for
ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166(10):1320–1325. - Zedtwitz-Liebenstein K, Schenk P, Apfalter P, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: increased
bacterial counts in bronchoalveolar lavage by using urea as an endogenous marker of dilution. Crit
Care Med 2005; 33(4):756–759. - Souweine B, Veber B, Bedos JP, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of protected specimen brush and
bronchoalveolar lavage in nosocomial pneumonia: impact of previous antimicrobial treatments. Crit
Care Med 1998; 26(2):236–244. - Bouza E, Sousa D, Munoz P, et al. Bloodstream infections: a trial of the impact of different methods
of reporting positive blood culture results. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39(8):1161–1169. - Bouza E, Torres MV, Radice C, et al. Direct E-test (AB Biodisk) of respiratory samples improves
antimicrobial use in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(3):382–387. - Luna CM, Blanzaco D, Niederman MS, et al. Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia:
prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of
outcome. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(3):676–682. - Dennesen PJ, van der Ven AJ, Kessels AG, et al. Resolution of infectious parameters after
antimicrobial therapy in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
2001; 163(6):1371–1375. - Niederman MS. The clinical diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Care 2005; 50(6):
788–796. - Shorr AF, Cook D, Jiang X, et al. Correlates of clinical failure in ventilator-associated pneumonia:
insights from a large, randomized trial. J Crit Care 2008; 23(1):64–73. - Nopmaneejumruslers C, Chan CK. Is there a role for routine surveillance endotracheal aspirate
cultures in the treatment of BAL-confirmed ventilator-associated pneumonia? Chest 2005; 127(2):
425–427. - Michel F, Franceschini B, Berger P, et al. Early antibiotic treatment for BAL-confirmed ventilator-
associated pneumonia: a role for routine endotracheal aspirate cultures. Chest 2005; 127(2):589–597. - Jung B, Sebbane M, Chanques G, et al. Previous endotracheal aspirate allows guiding the initial
treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35(1):101–107. - Depuydt P, Benoit D, Vogelaers D, et al. Systematic surveillance cultures as a tool to predict
involvement of multidrug antibiotic resistant bacteria in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive
Care Med 2008; 34(4):675–682. - Depuydt P, Benoit D, Vogelaers D, et al. Outcome in bacteremia associated with nosocomial
pneumonia and the impact of pathogen prediction by tracheal surveillance cultures. Intensive Care
Med 2006; 32(11):1773–1781. - Depuydt PO, Blot SI, Benoit DD, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial bloodstream infection
associated with pneumonia and the value of systematic surveillance cultures in an adult intensive
care unit. Crit Care Med 2006; 34(3):653–659.
Nosocomial Pneumonia in Critical Care 205