Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine

246. Valencia Arango M, Torres Marti A, Insausti Ordenana J, et al. Diagnostic value of quantitative
     cultures of endotracheal aspirate in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a multicenter study. Arch
     Bronconeumol 2003; 39(9):394–399.


247. Fangio P, Rouquette-Vincenti I, Rousseau JM, et al. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a
     prospective comparison of the telescoping plugged catheter with the endotracheal aspirate. Ann Fr
     Anesth Reanim 2002; 21(3):184–192.


248. Wood AY, Davit AJ II, Ciraulo DL, et al. A prospective assessment of diagnostic efficacy of blind protective
     bronchial brushings compared to bronchoscope-assisted lavage, bronchoscope-directed brushings, and
     blind endotracheal aspirates in ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Trauma 2003; 55(5):825–834.


249. Cook D, Mandell L. Endotracheal aspiration in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
     Chest 2000; 117(4 suppl 2):195S–197S.


250. Jourdain B, Novara A, Joly-Guillou ML, et al. Role of quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates
     in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152(1):241–246.


251. Torres A, El-Ebiary M. Bronchoscopic BAL in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
     Chest 2000; 117(4 suppl 2):198S–202S.


252. Jourdain B, Joly-Guillou ML, Dombret MC, et al. Usefulness of quantitative cultures of BAL fluid for
     diagnosing nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients. Chest 1997; 111(2):411–418.


253. Sole Violan J, Rodriguez de Castro F, Caminero Luna J, et al. Comparative efficacy of
     bronchoalveolar lavage and telescoping plugged catheter in the diagnosis of pneumonia in
     mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 1993; 103(2):386–390.


254. Chastre J, Fagon JY, Bornet-Lecso M, et al. Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis
     of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152(1):231–240.


255. Marquette CH, Copin MC, Wallet F, et al. Diagnostic tests for pneumonia in ventilated patients:
     prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy using histology as a diagnostic gold standard. Am
     J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151(6):1878–1888.


256. Casetta M, Blot F, Antoun S, et al. Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in cancer patients
     undergoing mechanical ventilation: a prospective comparison of the plugged telescoping catheter
     with the protected specimen brush. Chest 1999; 115(6):1641–1645.


257. Pham LH, Brun-Buisson C, Legrand P, et al. Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically
     ventilated patients. Comparison of a plugged telescoping catheter with the protected specimen
     brush. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143(5 Pt 1):1055–1061.


258. Campbell GD Jr. Blinded invasive diagnostic procedures in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest
     2000; 117(4 suppl 2):207S–211S.


259. Bello S, Tajada A, Chacon E, et al. “Blind” protected specimen brushing versus bronchoscopic
     techniques in the aetiolological diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 1996; 9(7):
     1494—1499.


260. Kollef MH, Ward S. The influence of mini-BAL cultures on patient outcomes: implications for the
     antibiotic management of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1998; 113(2):412–420.


261. Dupont H, Mentec H, Sollet JP, et al. Impact of appropriateness of initial antibiotic therapy on the
     outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27(2):355–362.


262. Rello J, Quintana E, Ausina V, et al. Risk factors forStaphylococcus aureusnosocomial pneumonia in
     critically ill patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142(6 Pt 1):1320–1324.


263. Rello J, Ausina V, Ricart M, et al. Risk factors for infection byPseudomonas aeruginosain patients with
     ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 1994; 20(3):193–198.


264. Sandiumenge A, Diaz E, Bodi M, et al. Therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia. A patient-based
     approach based on the ten rules of “The Tarragona Strategy”. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29(6):876–883.


265. Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, et al. Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of
     ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2001; 29(6):1109–1115.


266. Trouillet JL, Vuagnat A, Combes A, et al.Pseudomonas aeruginosaventilator-associated pneumonia:
     comparison of episodes due to piperacillin-resistant versus piperacillin-susceptible organisms. Clin
     Infect Dis 2002; 34(8):1047–1054.


267. Joffe AR, Muscedere J, Marshall JC, et al. The safety of targeted antibiotic therapy for ventilator-
     associated pneumonia: a multicenter observational study. J Crit Care 2008; 23(1):82–90.


268. Fagon J, Patrick H, Haas DW, et al. Treatment of gram-positive nosocomial pneumonia. Prospective
     randomized comparison of quinupristin/dalfopristin versus vancomycin. Nosocomial Pneumonia
     Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161(3 Pt 1):753–762.


269. Malangoni MA, Crafton R, Mocek FC. Pneumonia in the surgical intensive care unit: factors
     determining successful outcome. Am J Surg 1994; 167(2):250–255.


270. Moise PA, Forrest A, Bhavnani SM, et al. Area under the inhibitory curve and a pneumonia scoring
     system for predicting outcomes of vancomycin therapy for respiratory infections byStaphylococcus
     aureus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000; 57:S4–S9.

206 Bouza and Burillo