50 The Economist March 12th 2022
Business
Globalbusiness
The travelling-salesman problem
T
he rushfrom Russia was unlike any
thing in recent memory. Within days of
Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine,
American companies from Apple to
ExxonMobil suspended their business in
Russia or said they would abandon it.
Companies with factories and other assets
in the country are now mulling ways to
fend off possible expropriation. American
technology giants are embroiled in a battle
over misinformation—Russian authorities
blocked access to Facebook on March 4th
and said they would jail or fine those
spreading “fake” news about the war. A day
later Visa and Mastercard said they would
suspend all operations in Russia.
For companies, the Russia risks are ex
treme. They also point to a broader phe
nomenon. American multinational firms
find themselves astride a fracturing world.
Countries that once used commerce to
ease relations with geostrategic competi
tors increasingly use tariffs and sanctions
to undermine perceived adversaries. Poli
ticians from Beijing to Brussels hope in
dustrial policy will protect their econo
mies from external pressure, be it a war,
pandemic or geopolitical rivalry. Joe Biden,
America’s president, used his stateofthe
union speech on March 1st to extol the
merits of protectionism. “Instead of rely
ing on foreign supply chains,” he intoned,
“let’s make it in America.”
As the rules of global commerce
change, America’s biggest companies are
changing, too. They are testing ways to
minimise risks and benefit from industrial
policy when they can. It is a treacherous
endeavour. Since the start of the year the
share prices of American firms focused on
the domestic market have slumped by 5%,
according to Goldman Sachs, a bank.
American companies dependent on over
seas revenue have seen theirs plunge by
nearly three times as much.
Not long ago multinationals seemed
spoiled for choice. The collapse of the Ber
lin Wall in 1989 heralded the entry of the
Soviet bloc into the global trading system.
On signing the North American Free Trade
Agreement in 1993, Bill Clinton predicted
an export boom for American business.
China’s entry to the World Trade Organisa
tion in 2001 would, boosters said, help
America Inc tap China’s huge market and
make the Communist Party less mercantil
ist. For American companies, the world
was not just their oyster but a towering
platter of fruits de mer.
Overseas markets remain essential to
many American companies. In 2020 they
supplied 28% of the revenue for compa
nies in the s&p500 index of America’s big
gest firms, according to Goldman Sachs.
The technology industry is particularly
outward facing, earning 58% of revenue
abroad. Companies with higher exposure
to foreign markets have outperformed the
broader stockmarket over the past halfde
cade (see chart 1 on next page). Plenty of
firms continue to chase opportunities far
from home. Last year low interest rates and
ample cash inspired American companies
to spend $506bn on foreign mergers and
acquisitions, more than twice the sum in
2020 or 2019, according to Dealogic, a data
firm. In the first nine months of 2021, the
latest figures available, net foreign direct
investment had already exceeded the an
nual total in 2020 (see chart 2).
N EW YORK
American multinational companies grapple with a fracturing world
→Alsointhissection
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54 Hellis hybridwork
55 Theglassceilingindex
56 Schumpeter: Whither oligarchs?