political science

Table 18.1 Constitutional forms of executive–legislative relations among democracies

and semi-democracies, 2006

Region

Parliamentary

Presidential

Semi-presidential

Other hybrid

European Union/Western Europe &Mediterranean

Belgium, Czech Republic,Denmark, Estonia, Finland,*Germany, Greece, Hungary,Ireland,* Israel, Italy, Latvia,Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia,*Spain, Sweden, Turkey,United Kingdom

Cyprus

Austria, France,Lithuania, Poland,Portugal, Slovakia

Switzerland

Post-Communist (but not EU)

Albania,Moldova

Armenia, Belarus,Bosnia-Hercegovina,** Bulgaria,Croatia, Georgia, Macedonia,Mongolia, Romania, Russia,Serbia and Montenegro,***Ukraine

Americas

Canada, Jamaica, Trinidadand Tobago

Argentina, Brazil,Chile, Colombia,Costa Rica, DominicanRepublic, Ecuador, ElSalvador, Guatemala,Honduras, Mexico,Nicaragua, Panama,Paraguay, UnitedStates, Uruguay, Venezuela

Peru

Bolivia, Guyana

East and South Asia/Pacific

Australia, Bangladesh, Fiji,India, Japan, Malaysia,Nepal, New Zealand,Papua New Guinea,Thailand

Indonesia, Philippines,South Korea

Sri Lanka, Taiwan

(Continued

)