political science

Table 18.1 (

continued

)

Region

Parliamentary

Presidential

Semi-presidential

Other hybrid

Africa

Botswana, Lesotho,Mauritius, South Africa

Benin, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria Burkina Faso, Madagascar,

Mali, Mozambique, Namibia,Niger, Senegal

Notes

: Includes countries of at least 500,000 population with

Freedom House political rights score of 4 or better, averaged throug

hout the period 1990–1 to

2004, or for each year since 2000. Belarus and Bosnia-H

ercegovina do not meet these conditions, but are included so as to

cover all Europe. Malaysia is also included for having

consistently held semi-competitive elections.*Indicates presence of elected president lacking any significan

t constitutional powers (government formation, dissolution, or veto).

** Collegial (three-person) presidency.*** Each autonomous republic retains an elected presidency, although

the federal presidency is no longer elected.

Source

: Author’s coding of constitutions from http://confinder.richmond.ed

u/, except Niger (http://droit.francophonie.org/doc/html/ne/con/fr/1

999/1999dfneco1.html),

and Taiwan (Noble 1999); Freedom House website (http://www.freedom

house.org) for level of (semi-)democracy.