10 Leaders The Economist March 19th 2022
T
he invasionofUkraineisthethirdbigblowtoglobalisation
in a decade. First came President Donald Trump’s trade wars.
Next was a pandemic in which crossborder flows of capital,
goods and people almost stopped. Now armed conflict in Eu
rope’s breadbasket, besieged Black Sea ports and sanctions on
Russia have triggered a supply shock that is ripping through the
world economy. Wheat prices have risen by 40%, Europeans
may face gas shortages later this year, and there is a squeeze on
nickel, used in batteries, including for electric cars. Around the
world many firms and consumers are grappling with supply
chains that have proved too fragile to depend on—yet again.
If you look beyond the chaos, Vladimir Putin’s warmongering
also raises a question about globalisation that is uncomfortable
for freetraders such as The Economist(see Finance & economics
section). Is it prudent for open societies to conduct normal eco
nomic relations with autocratic ones, such as Russia and China,
that abuse human rights, endanger security and grow more
threatening the richer they get? In principle, the answer is sim
ple: democracies should seek to maximise trade without com
promising national security. In practice, that is a hard line to
draw. Russia’s war shows that a surgical redesign of supply
chains is needed to prevent autocratic countries from bullying
liberal ones. What the world does not need is a dangerous lurch
towards selfsufficiency.
For most of the past few decades, it has been
clear how to trade with the enemy. In the cold
war the West and the totalitarian Soviet bloc
conducted trade in energy and grain but had a
low overall level of interlinking. After the Berlin
Wall fell, it was widely assumed that free trade
and freedom would conquer the world togeth
er, reinforcing each other. And for a while they
did. In the 1990s the share of countries with democratic rule rose
as tariffs fell and more container ships crossed the oceans. Rus
sians got their first taste of Big Macs and the ballot box within an
18month spell. Bill Clinton welcomed China’s entry into the glo
bal trading system in 2000, predicting that it would have “a pro
found impact on human rights and political liberty” there.
But in the past decade and a half liberty has retreated, with
the share of people living in democracies falling below 50%. In
many autocratic places, including China and the Middle East,
political reform appears unlikely. The result is a globalised econ
omy in which autocracies account for 31% of gdp, or 14% exclud
ing China. Unlike the ussr, these autocracies are economically
intertwined with liberal societies. A third of democracies’ goods
imports are from them, and a third of multinational investment
in autocracies is from democracies. Open societies trade over
$15bn a day with closed ones, buying Chinesemade pcs and Sau
di oil, and selling Bulgari and Boeings.
Russia’s invasion has shown the West the perils of trading
with adversaries. One concern is moral. All those deals for Urals
crude and Black Sea wheat bankrolled Mr Putin’s repression and
his rapidly increasing military spending. Another is security,
with Europe addicted to Russian gas and many industries reliant
on inputs including fertilisers and metals. Such dependency
maymakeautocraciesstronger,weakendemocracies’ resolve
and expose them to retaliation in a war. No country embodies
this Faustian pact more than gasdependent Germany.
This tension between the logic of free trade and support for
political liberalism will create deeper fissures. Already the world
has faced years of what The Economist has called slowbalisation,
with trade and capital flows falling relative to gdp. Some auto
cracies may now seek to decouple further from the West. China
views the collapse of Russia’s fortress economy in the face of
Western sanctions as a botched experiment from which to learn
before it considers going to war over Taiwan. Saudi Arabia is
cosying up to China. The world’s autocracies have too little in
common to form a cohesive economic bloc, but they are united
in their desire to reduce the influence the West has over them, in
areas from tech to currency reserves (see Buttonwood).
The temptation in the West, meanwhile, is to pivot towards a
more limited kind of trade with military allies, or even to out
right selfreliance. Consider President Joe Biden’s recent state
oftheunion address which included a promise that “every
thing from the deck of an aircraftcarrier to the steel on highway
guardrails is made in America from beginning to end. All of it.”
A retreat by the West to coldwar spheres of influence or self
reliance would be a mistake. The costs would be vast. Roughly
$3trn of investment would be written off for
less efficient production that fuels inflation
and hurts living standards. It would be morally
dubious: globalisation has helped over a billion
people raise themselves from poverty, and trade
and information links with the middle classes
in autocracies sustain the cause of liberalism. It
would not even boost democracies’ security.
Supply chains get stronger through diversifica
tion, not concentration. And by walling themselves off, rich
democracies would alienate countries that do not want to pick
sides between the West, Russia and China—countries that ac
count for a fifth of world gdpand twothirds of its people.
How then should globalisation be reconfigured? In war,
severing economic relations makes sense. In peace the goal
should be to limit exports of only the most sensitive technol
ogies to illiberal regimes. When autocracies have the power to
intimidate, as Russia has with gas, the aim should not be nation
al selfsufficiency, but rather to require firms to diversify their
suppliers, in turn stimulating investment in new sources of sup
ply from energy to electronics. These chokepoints make up
about a tenth of global trade, based on the export earnings of au
thoritarian powers from goods where they have a leading market
share of over 10% and where it is hard to find substitutes.
Interdependence day
Mr Putin has given a harsh lesson that in these areas democra
cies must change their posture. The war is a tragedy, but it is also
a moment of clarity. The vision of the 1990s, that free trade and
freedom would go hand in hand, has fractured. Liberal govern
ments need to find a new path that combines openness andse
curity, and prevents the dream of globalisation turning sour.n
Confrontation with Russia highlights a growing tension between free trade and freedom
Trading with the enemy
The world economy