The Economist March 19th 2022 Asia 49
VaccinescepticisminJapan
Sideeffects
N
atsume akihada promisingcareer as
a jpop star. By the time she turned 23,
in 2014, she had become the poster girl of a
trendy new anime. Yet as her fame grew, so
did a tumour inside her womb. A cervical
cancer diagnosis knocked her off stage and
plunged her into despair. She lost her fer
tility. “It’s not like I was already thinking of
having kids at the time, but the fact that I
no longer had a choice crushed me,” Ms
Natsume says.
Similar misfortune befalls many Japa
nese women, mostly in their late 20s to
30s. Every year some 10,000 contract cervi
cal cancer, and 3,000 die from it. Many sur
vivors suffer infertility and other compli
cations, such as early menopause. Yet all of
this is avoidable. The human papillomavi
rus (hpv) vaccine, first approved by Amer
ica’s Food and Drug Administration in
2006, makes cervical cancer preventable. It
is widely used in the rich world. Australia,
where inoculation rates are 80%, may
eliminate the disease as a publichealth
burden by 2035.
In Japan, however, few women have
had the jab. The government approved the
vaccine in 2009. In 2013 it included it in its
routine immunisation programme, mak
ing it free for girls aged 1216. But just a few
months after that, spurious allegations of
sideeffects such as paralysis and seizures
led the government to drop its recommen
dation. Vaccination rates plummeted from
some 70% of the target agegroup to less
than 1%. A study by Hokkaido University
reckons this will cause 5,000 additional
deaths among women born between 1994
and 2007. “It’s a publichealth tragedy,”
says Michael Reich of Harvard University.
Ms Natsume became a vocal proponent
of vaccination. In 2019 she decided to enter
politics herself as an assemblywoman in
Arakawa, a district in Tokyo. Mihara Junko,
a former deputy health minister who be
came a politician in 2010 after surviving
cervical cancer and a hysterectomy, served
as a role model. Arakawa’s local govern
ment sent out brochures about the vaccine
and held seminars and events. Such efforts
helped: a survey suggested uptake of the
vaccine rose from under 2% of eligible girls
in 2018 to over 25% two years later. Ms Mi
hara persuaded more local authorities to
inform residents about the vaccine. Some
60% of municipalities sent out notices.
Yet the national government still re
frained from recommending the vaccine.
Japan has among the highest rates of vac
cine scepticism in the world. Surveys from
201519 reported by the Lancet, a medical
journal,found that only 9% of Japanese be
lieved vaccines were safe, and just 15%
thought them effective. But, confounding
the fears of many publichealth experts, Ja
pan has embraced the covid19 jab: 80% of
the adult population is fully vaccinated.
As inoculations became routine, resis
tance to the hpv vaccine also weakened.
That has nudged the national government
to change its stance. Lawmakers could “no
longer uphold their claim” about the vac
cine’s dangers, says Jimi Hanako, an up
perhouse member from the ruling Liberal
Democratic Party, who has pushed for the
health ministry to resume recommending
the vaccine. It will do so from April.
The policy reversal highlights an awk
ward truth. “It was always about politics,
not science,” says Shibuya Kenji, an epide
miologist at the Tokyo Foundation for Poli
cy Research, a thinktank. Sensational me
dia reports focused on teenage girls’ suffer
ing. Patriarchal attitudes warped discus
sion. Since hpv is transmitted sexually,
conservative politicians said protection
was unnecessary—women should be re
serving themselves for marriage. A hand
ful of political heavyweights sided with the
vaccine’s alleged victims, so policymakers
shied away from the topic.
All municipalities will now have to
send out notices to target households. Old
er women who missed out during the per
iod when the vaccine was not officially rec
ommended will get free jabs. Yet advocates
reckon that a more forceful publicinfor
mation campaign is needed to restore in
oculation levels to what they were. Vacci
nation requires parental consent in Japan,
and a survey in 2021 revealed that only 13%
of parents are willing to get their daughters
inoculated. Many hurdlesremain, but, as
Ms Natsume puts it, “Allwecan do is con
tinue raising our voices.” n
TOKYO
Covid-19 jabs are making other
inoculations less contentious
SriLanka’seconomy
Into the ground
W
hen gotabaya rajapaksa became
president of Sri Lanka in 2019, he in
herited an economy in bad shape. Terrorist
attacks and political crises had hit the
country hard. Growth was at its lowest
since 2001. Tourist arrivals—a big source of
foreign currency—were down by nearly a
fifth after steadily rising for a decade.
The new president quickly got to work.
He and his ministers—the most influential
ones are his brothers and nephews—cut
taxes and started printing money. Inflation
duly rose, tax collections plummeted and
the budget deficit widened.
In the meantime tourism was hit by an
even bigger shock than terrorism, in the
form of covid19. Even as foreigncurrency
receipts plunged, import bills were climb
ing, thanks to the global rise in commodity
prices. A man of action, Mr Rajapaksa re
sponded forcefully, albeit quixotically,
prohibiting the import of motor vehicles
in 2020. Last year he banned (imported)
chemical fertilisers, ostensibly for public
health reasons, before the impending col
lapse of farming forced a reversal.
With inflation already high and the gov
ernment’s prestige on the line, the central
bank resisted a devaluation, instead burn
ing through its foreignexchange reserves.
Dollars became hard to come by, impeding
imports. That, in turn, led to shortages of
diesel and cooking gas. The lack of fuel also
crippled electricity generation which, be
cause of a drought that has diminished
output from hydropower plants, is
increasingly dependent on oil and coal.
The electricity board initiated rolling
blackouts in February of up to sevenand
ahalf hours a day. Many small businesses
stopped work, unable to cope with gas
shortages, power cuts and rising prices.
On March 7th the central bank gave up:
having maintained a rate of 200 rupees to
the dollar for five months, it devalued by
15%. A few days later it allowed the rupee to
float. The currency slumped by a further
15%, to 265 rupees to the dollar.
By raising the cost of imports, the deval
uation will exacerbate the main way in
which this fiasco impinges on the lives of
ordinary Sri Lankans: inflation. As it was,
prices rose by more than 15% yearonyear
in February, a 13year high. Food prices
leapt by more than 25%, double the rate six
months earlier.
The cost of everything has shot up, in
cluding basics such as lentils, milk pow
C OLOMBO
Sri Lankans are paying a heavy price
for the president’s mismanagement