The Economist March 19th 2022 71
Science & technology
ThewarinUkraine
Magic armour?
A
lot ofRussian tanks involved in the
invasion of Ukraine have strange cages
welded over the roofs of their turrets.
Strange and apparently useless—for many
pictures have emerged of destroyed vehi
cles surmounted by them. Sometimes the
cage itself has been visibly damaged by an
attack that went on to hit the tank beneath.
Stijn Mitzer, an independent analyst
based in Amsterdam, has looked at hun
dreds of verified photographs of destroyed
Russian vehicles. He thinks that, far from
acting as protection, the cages have done
nothing save add weight, make tanks easi
er to spot, and perhaps give a false and dan
gerous sense of security to the crew inside.
They have thus been mockingly dubbed by
some Western analysts as “emotionalsup
port armour” or “cope cages”.
Superficially, they are an example of
what is known in military circles as field
expedient armour—in other words, stuff
that has been added to vehicles after they
have entered service. Often, field expedi
ents are sensible retrofits. Gareth Appleby
Thomas, head of the Centre for Defence En
gineering at Cranfield University, in Brit
ain, observes that they have ranged over
the years from sandbags, via sheets of ar
mour subsequently (and often crudely) at
tached to the outsides of tanks, to factory
made upgrade kits.
Cage fight
The new cages, the fitting of which seems
to have begun late in 2021, appear to be a
variant of socalled slat or bar armour.
Such armour can provide effective light
weight protection if used correctly (as it is,
for example, on American Stryker ar
moured personnel carriers). But in this
case that seems not to have happened.
They might thus be seen as symbols of Rus
sia’s inadequate preparation for the cam
paign, as pertinent in their way as its fail
ures to neutralise Ukraine’s air defences
and to shoot down that country’s drones.
One of the main threats to armoured ve
hicles are heat(High Explosive AntiTank)
weapons, such as the Russianmade but
widely employed rpg7. The warheads of
these rocketpropelled grenades are
shaped charges—hollow cones of explo
sive lined with metal. When the explosive
detonates it blasts the metal lining into a
narrow, highspeed jet that is able to punch
through thick steel. According to Dr Apple
byThomas an rpg7 can penetrate 30cm of
steel plate.
And rpg7s are the babies of the bunch.
Other, far more powerful shapedcharge
antitank weapons used by Ukrainian forc
es include Javelins supplied by America,
nlaws (Nextgeneration Light Antitank
Weapons) supplied by Britain, and drone
borne mam-lmissiles, supplied by Turkey.
heat warheads may be countered by
what is known as explosive reactive ar
mour, or era. When this is hit, a sheet of
explosive sandwiched inside it blows up
and disrupts an incoming warhead before
it can detonate. Many Russian tanks are in
deed fitted with era. However eramay, in
turn, be defeated by a socalled tandem
warhead, in which a small precursor
charge triggers the armour’s explosive be
fore the main warhead detonates.
Slat and bar addon armours are a light
er and cheaper way to counter rpgs,
though even if used correctly they are, lit
erally, hit or miss protection. The spacing
of the bars or slats is crucial. If a rocket hits
a bar it makes little difference, for its war
Russian tanks are sprouting cages. But they seem to be pretty much useless
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