72 Science & technology The Economist March 19th 2022
head will detonate anyway. But if it gets
trapped between bars it will probably be
damaged in a way which means that the
signal from the nosemounted fuse cannot
reach the detonator.
This approach is known as statistical
armour, because the protection it offers is
all or nothing. It is typically quoted as hav
ing a 50% chance of disrupting an incom
ing rpg. But Dr ApplebyThomas notes that
it works only against munitions with a
nose fuse, which Javelins, nlaws and
mam-ls do not have.
Russia has been fitting slat armour to
vehicles since 2016, but the design of the
new cages, seemingly improvised from lo
cally available materials, is baffling. They
appear to be oriented in a way that protects
only against attacks from above. In princi
ple, that might help against Javelins, which
have a “top attack” mode in which they first
veer upwards and then dive to punch
through a tank’s thin top armour. But, as
Nick Reynolds, a landwarfare research an
alyst at rusi, a British defence thinktank,
notes, even if the cage sets off a Javelin’s
precursor warhead, the main charge is still
more than powerful enough to punch
through the top armour and destroy the
tank—as the Ukrainian army itself proved
in December, when it tested one against a
vehicle protected by addon armour repli
cating the Russian design. As expected, the
Javelin destroyed the target easily.
Another idea is that the cages are a re
sponse to the conflict in 2020 between Ar
menia and Azerbaijan, over NagornoKara
bakh, in which large numbers of Russian
made Armenian tanks were destroyed
from above by mam-ls. But Samuel Cran
nyEvans, another analyst at rusi, points
out that the mam-l’s lack of nose fuse
makes adding cages unlikely to succeed.
Hitting a cage might detonate the warhead
prematurely, but Mr CrannyEvans does
not believe this would prevent it destroy
ing a tank.
A third possibility is that the cages are
meant as protection against rpgs (which
the Ukrainians have in abundance) which
are being fired at tanks from above. This
rarely happens in an open battlefield but is
a preferred tactic in urban warfare, where
buildings offer shooters the necessary ele
vation.
The question “why?”
Even if that is true, though, it comes at a
price. Patrick BenhamCrosswell, a former
tank officer in the British Army and author
of “The Dangerous World of Tommy At
kins: An Introduction to Land Warfare”,
notes the cages limit the ability of the
machinegun mounted on the top of the
turret to swing upwards to engage enemies
firing down on the vehicle.
Dr ApplebyThomas speculates that the
cages’ real purpose might therefore be to
protect against small, improvised bombs
released from drones. Ukraine has devel
oped munitions based on handthrown
antitank grenades, by fitting them with
fins so that they can be dropped accurately
from commercial drones. These drone
borne bombs might present a real danger
in urban areas. But the cages would only
blunt such attacks rather than provide
complete protection, because they form
but a partial screen over the turret, and
leave other areas completely exposed.
The last possibility, then, is that the
gibes about the cages being emotional
support armour are actually correct, and
that they have been added simply to im
prove morale by convincing the troops in
side that they are safe. As Mr Benham
Crosswell notes, soldiers often take the
view that every little helps.
Believing you are safe is not, however,
actually the same as being safe. A pointed
historical parallel might be found in the
ghost dance shirts, supposed to have had
supernatural powers to stop bullets, which
were worn by some Lakota warriors in
their uprising against the American gov
ernment in 1889 and 1890. Thesecertainly
improved morale. But they didn’t save
their wearers at Wounded Knee.n
T
he meltdownin 1986 attheCherno
byl nuclear power plant in Ukraine
was a human tragedy. But it was also a
biological opportunity. Since 2000 Timo
thy Mousseau of the University of South
Carolina and Anders Moller of the Ecol
ogy, Systematics and Evolution Laborato
ry in Orsay, near Paris, have run the
Chernobyl Research Initiative Lab in
collaboration with a dozen Ukrainian
colleagues. They have looked at how
animals and plants in what is now, by
default, a wildlife sanctuary, have ad
justed to their radioactive surroundings.
Over the years, they have published
more than 120 papers. They began by
studying the genetics of barn swallows
(pictured) living at varying distances
from the reactor. They discovered that
mutations made the birds’ body sizes
more variable in areas of high radiation.
They then demonstrated that popula
tions of colourful birds have declined
morethanthoseoflesscolourfulones,
supporting a longstanding contention
that bright colours are used as an honest
signal of good health (something birds
are unlikely to enjoy in such a hostile
place). They have even found evidence
that birds around Chernobyl have
evolved radiation tolerance, by showing
that those living there have higher pop
ulation densities than conspecifics in
similar circumstances near the Fukushi
ma plant in Japan. This melted down a
mere 11 years ago, rather than 36, allow
ing the locals less time to have adapted.
All this work has been shut down
following the invasion of Ukraine.
Among the casualties are a sixyear
cameratrap experiment recording the
distribution and abundance of mam
mals, a project monitoring the effects of
radiation on the microbiomes of feral
dogs, a study of the genomics, physiolo
gy, reproduction and ecology of rodents,
and a collaboration with nasa, America’s
space agency, to understand how plants
adapt to chronic exposure to radiation—
something that might be important if
crops are ever grown on board spacecraft,
or on celestial bodies with little or no
radiationintercepting atmosphere.
There is also the threat that the study
site might be permanently damaged. Dr
Mousseau suspects that noise from
combat in the area has already led wild
life to flee in the opposite direction. He
saw something similar during noisy
cleanups at Fukushima—though the
animals did eventually return.
Fukushima was not, however, seeded
with landmines, which he worries may
have happened when Russian troops
moved through the area. If true, that
would pose a hazard to wildlife and
biologists alike.
TheChernobylResearchInitiativeLab
A casualty of war
The fighting in Ukraine threatens an intriguing piece of science
Bird of no-paradise