322 Nicotine
children of active smokers. Inhalation of smoke by infants is suspected of
contributing to SIDS. For sure, compared to children in nonsmoking house-
holds, infants of smokers are hospitalized more often for pneumonia and bron-
chitis. The level of environmental smoke necessary for ill effects is often
unclear in scientific studies; a person working in a poorly ventilated smokey
bar for eight hours a day will have a considerably different exposure than
someone in a nonsmoking household who sits outside once a week with a
friend who smokes a couple of cigarettes.
Additional scientific information may be found in:Brown, C. “The Association between Depressive Symptoms and Cigarette Smoking in
an Urban Primary Care Sample.”International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine
30 (2000): 15–26.
Brown, K.G. “Lung Cancer and Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Occupational Risk to
Nonsmokers.”Environmental Health Perspectives107 (1999, Suppl. 6): 885–90.
Colby, S.M., et al. “Are Adolescent Smokers Dependent on Nicotine? A Review of the
Evidence.”Drug and Alcohol Dependence59 (2000, Suppl. 1): S83–S95.
Dursun, S.M., and S. Kutcher. “Smoking, Nicotine and Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence
for Therapeutic Role, Controversies and Implications for Future Research.”Med-
ical Hypotheses52 (1999): 101–9.
Haustein, K.O. “Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine and Pregnancy.”International Journal of
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics37 (1999): 417–27.
Parrott, A.C., and F.J. Kaye. “Daily Uplifts, Hassles, Stresses and Cognitive Failures:
In Cigarette Smokers, Abstaining Smokers, and Non-smokers.”Behavioural Phar-
macology10 (1999): 639–46.
Robinson, J.H., and W.S. Pritchard. “The Role of Nicotine in Tobacco Use.”Psycho-
pharmacology108 (1992): 397–407.
Stolerman, I.P., and M.J. Jarvis. “The Scientific Case That Nicotine Is Addictive.”Psy-
chopharmacology117 (1995): 2–10.
Van Gilder, T.J., P.L. Remington, and M.C. Fiore. “The Direct Effects of Nicotine Use
on Human Health.”Wisconsin Medical Journal96 (1997): 43–48.