Assessing Leadership Style: Trait Analysis

TYPE A QUADRANT TYPE C QUADRANT

P-l/I-1

Axis

+2.0

Appease

DED

Reward

ODD

Reward

ODD

Exploit

DDE

P-4
Axis

FOLLOW/COOPERATE

STRATEGIES

Bluff Deter

BED DEE

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0

+1.5

+1.0

+.50

COOPERATE/LEAD

STRATEGIES

Punish Compel

EEE EDD

Bluff Deter

EED DEE

SUBMIT/CONFLICT

STRATEGIES

Bully Punish

EDE EEE

-.50 0.00 +.50 +1.0 +1.5 +2.0 P-4

Axis

-.50

Punish Exploit

EEE DDE

-1.0

-1.5

CONFLICT/DOMINATE

STRATEGIES

Compel

EDD

Bully

EDE

-2.0

P-1/I-1

Axis

TYPE DEE QUADRANT TYPE B QUADRANT

Note: Key indices of beliefs in the leader s operational code are scaled in standard

deviations along the vertical and horizontal axes of the revised Holsti typology. Reward,

Deter, Punish and Compel tactics are variants of a general strategy of reciprocity in which

Self initiates either an escalatory (E) move or de-escalatory (D) move and then responds

in kind to whether Other escalates (E) or de-escalates (D) in response to Self s initial move.

Appease, Bluff, Exploit, and Bully tactics are variants of a general strategy of cooperation

or conflict in which Self initiates either an escalatory (E) move or de-escalatory (D) move

and then violates the norm of reciprocity after Other escalates (E) or de-escalates (D) in

response to Self s initial move.

Fig. 18.1. Prediction template for key VICS indices. (Data from

Walker, Schafer, and Marfleet 2001.)