Principles of Functional Exercise

Four bones make up the pelvic girdle.

• Sacrum. The interpace between the spine and the pelvis


• Ilium


• Ischium


• Pubis

Shoulder Structure (Figure 4)

• Scapula (shoulder blade)


• Humeral head


• Clavicle

Joints

• Definition: an interaction of bones.


• Definition of “Degrees of Freedom” of a joint: Planes of motion that joints can move
  along at one time.

Types of Joints (Figure 5):

• Ball and Socket Joints (shoulder, hip) The 3 degree
  joints (moves in three planes at one time)


• Hinge Joints (elbow, knee) Concave surface moving
  along the convex surface, one degree of freedom
  (move in one plane).


• Gliding Joints (wrist, foot) Bones slide past each other,
  three degrees of freedom (moves in three planes at
  one time).

Cartilage covers the end of each bone. The cartilage-coated bone-ends are kept apart by a thin
film of slippery fluid that works like oil in a car. A bursa is a fat pad that gives cushion in joints.

Arthrokinenactics: joint motion
Synarthroses: (immovable)

Figure 5. Type of joints and

their location in the body

Figure 3 Hip & pelvic girdle

Figure 4. The shoulder joint