I8 fiffIndex
human microbiome, 270, 271, 280, 281. See also
belly button swabs
hummingbirds, 240, 360
Hunt, Patricia, 98–99, 100, 104–5, 106, 108, 111
Huntington disease, 144 , 147, 225
hydrogen, atomic structure, 41 , 52
hydrogen bonds, 45–47
hydrologic cycle (water cycle), 332–35
hydrophilic molecules, 45
hydrophobic molecules, 45
hypertonic solutions, 66
hyphae (singular “hypha”), 295
hypotheses. See also scientific method
accept, reject, or modify hypothesis, 5
defined, 7
falsifiable or refutable hypotheses, 8
formation of, 5, 7–8, 13
support vs. proof, 8, 9 , 11
testing, 5 , 9–12
hypotonic solutions, 66
I
illegal trade in plants. See black-market plant
trade
immune system
antibodies, 22 , 51, 52 , 186
response to vaccines, 22, 174
in vitro fertilization (IVF), 148
incomplete dominance, 126
independent variables, 10
Indiana bats, 14
Indohyus. See also whales
adaptation to aquatic life, 198–99, 200
body shape and size, 197 , 198
common ancestry with whales, 202
ear bones, 192
fossils, 192, 196, 198 , 199 , 207
induced fit, 87
influenza vaccine
production from tobacco, 174–76, 177 , 179–81,
184, 186
production in eggs, 174–75, 176
recommendations, 22, 24
risks to unvaccinated children, 35
influenza virus, size, 73
influenza virus H1N1 (swine flu), 24, 176, 185
insectivores, 254
insects, number of known species, 244
insulin, 51, 99
insulin gene, DNA sequence similarities, 202, 203
interference competition, 371
International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN), 297
interphase. See also cell cycle
G 0 phase, 99 , 100
G 1 phase, 99, 103–4, 105
G 2 phase, 99 , 100, 104, 105
overview, 99–100, 102
S phase, 99–100, 102, 104
introns, 178–79
invariant traits, 118
invertebrates, defined, 304
ionic bonds, 44–45
ions, defined, 44
iron, as nutrient, 381
irregular fluctuations of population, 350
Irschick, Duncan, 232–34
isotonic solutions, 66
isotopes, 40
J
J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), 60, 61, 74
jawless fishes, 305
Jenner, Edward, 22
J-shaped growth curve, 346, 347
Jurassic period, 253 , 263K
Kaibab squirrel, 236
kangaroos, 307
karyotype, 52 , 138
katydid, 368
keystone species, 360, 361 , 362, 366 , 372
kingdoms, 256–57, 258–59
Klein, Christoph, 136, 137, 147–48, 149–50
Koch, Robert, 13
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), 88, 89 , 90L
Labrador retrievers, 124 , 127, 128
lactase, 145
lactic acid fermentation, 91
Lamar Valley, 358, 363, 368
lampreys, 304 , 305
lancelets, 304
Lancet, 26–27, 31
Lander, Eric, 124
Lark, Gordon, 118–20, 124, 126–27, 128–29, 131
Larsen, Eric, 358, 362
law of independent assortment, 123
law of segregation, 122–23
Lazcano, Antonio, 43
Lee, Mike, 262
leukemia, 112 , 136, 149–50
Lewis, Marlon, 383, 387, 389
lichens, 287, 368
life. See also biological classification; origins of
life
characteristics of living organisms, 6, 250–51
geologic timescale and history of life, 252–53,
257, 260, 263
tree of life, 251, 256 , 258–59, 273
universal ancestor, 251, 256
light-independent reactions (photosynthesis),
85, 86
light reactions (photosynthesis), 85, 86
lignin, 292
lineage, or line of descent, 253
Linnaean hierarchy, 257, 260
Linnaeus, Carolus, 257
lipids
phospholipids, 53 , 55, 63, 65, 66, 68
structure, 53
lipoprotein lipase deficiency (LPLD), 150
liposomes, 62
little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), 4, 13, 15
living organisms, characteristics, 6, 250–51
lizards of Pod Mrˇcaru. See Podarcis sicula lizards
locus of gene on chromosome, 140, 141 , 144
lodgepole pine, 373
logistic growth, 346–47
Longo, Laura, 302, 311
louse fly (Hippobosca longipennis), 367
low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 67, 68
lungfish, 130 , 204
lungs, evolution of, 305
lung transplants, 156
lymphomas, 112 , 136, 142, 144
lysosomes, 69 , 70 , 71 , 72M
macromolecules. See also specific types
biomolecules, types of, 51, 52–53, 55
carbon bonding in, 50 , 336
elements in, 52–53
and origins of life, 51
structures, 52–53
magpies, 316, 364
malaria, 4, 258 , 289, 343, 346, 351, 353
male condom, 344
malignant cells, 101. See also cancer
mammals
biological classification, 306–7
characteristics, 192, 193 , 306
eutherians, 307
marsupials, 307
monotremes, 307
number of known species, 244 , 306–7, 307
manatees, 199 , 200
Marfan syndrome, 143
marine biome, 385
marrow, 125 , 136, 150
marsupials, 307
mass extinctions, 252–53, 263–65
mass spectrometer, 44
matter, defined, 40
matter in the universe, 54
McQuatters-Gollop, Abigail, 387, 389
measle virus, size, 73
measles cases in the United States, 35
measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine,
27–28, 30–31
mechanical isolation as reproductive barrier, 242
Medicago, 174, 175–76, 177, 184, 186
meiosis
anaphase I, 107 , 109 , 110
anaphase II, 107
cytokinesis, 106, 107 , 109 , 110
defined, 105, 122
gamete production, 101, 105–6, 109 , 110 ,
123–24
independent assortment of chromosomes,
108, 110 , 123
meiosis I, 106, 107 , 108, 109 , 110 , 122
meiosis II, 106, 107 , 109 , 110
metaphase I, 107 , 109 , 110
metaphase II, 107 , 109 , 110
prophase I, 107 , 109
prophase II, 107 , 109
sexual reproduction, 101, 105, 235
telophase I, 107 , 109 , 110
telophase II, 107 , 109
meiotic spindle, 107
melanin and genetics, 128
membranes. See also plasma membranes
artificial membrane creation, 63–64, 66, 68, 72
phospholipids in, 53 , 55, 63, 65, 66, 68
self-assembling membranes, 64, 68, 72
semipermeable membranes, 65
Mendel, Gregor Johann, 120–22, 123, 124, 126
Mendelian traits, 123
Mendel’s experiments on pea plants, 120–22, 123,
124, 126
Mendel’s law of independent assortment, 123
Mendel’s law of segregation, 122–23
meningitis vaccine, effectiveness, 34, 34
Menninger, Holly, 270, 271, 275, 276, 277
messenger RNA (mRNA)
intron removal, 178–79
modifications after transcription, 178–79