Index ■ I7Huntington disease, 144 , 147
lipoprotein lipase deficiency (LPLD), 150
Marfan syndrome, 143
prenatal genetic screening, 147, 148
recessive genetic disorders, 142, 145–46, 148,
150
sickle-cell disease, 144 , 145, 165
single-gene disorders, 144
Tay-Sachs disease, 144 , 145
Turner syndrome, 139
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS), 136–37,
138 , 139–40, 142, 145, 147–49
X-linked disorders, 141–42, 143 , 145
genetic divergence, 236
genetic diversity
alleles, 119
dogs, 119
independent assortment of chromosomes,
108, 110
numbers of known species, 244 , 251
sexual reproduction, 108, 235, 289
genetic drift, 224–25, 236
genetic engineering, 148, 176
genetic modification (GM)
fear of, 352
of mosquitoes, 345, 348, 350–52
genetic recombination, 109
genetic traits
behavioral traits, 118
biochemical traits, 118
codominant traits, 126
complex traits, 126, 127, 129
environment effect on phenotype, 127, 128,
129
genes as basic units, 118
invariant traits, 118
Mendelian traits, 123
overview, 118
physical traits, 118
polygenic traits, 127
variable traits, 118
genome editing, 156. See also CRISPR
genomes
chimpanzees, DNA sequence similarity to
humans, 202, 203
defined, 60
dog genome, 124, 125
Escherichia coli, 130 , 158
genome size of some species, 130 , 158
human genome sequencing, 160
human genome size, 130 , 158
percentages of genes shared by humans and
other species, 309
pigs, 158, 160
synthetic genome construction, 61, 62, 72, 74
tomato genome size, 158
transplantation, 60
genotype, defined, 119
genus (plural “genera”), 257, 260
geographic barriers, 236, 237
geographic isolation, 236
geologic timescale and history of life, 252–53,
257, 260, 263
Geomyces destructans (Pseudogymnoascus
destructans), 7, 9, 11, 12, 13. See also white-
nose syndrome
germ theory of disease, 12
Gibson, Daniel, 60, 61–62, 72, 74
gill slits, 205
Gilmore, Michael, 215, 218–19, 222–23, 226
ginseng, 293–94
global hectares (gha), 332
global warming. See also climate change
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), 81, 327, 328, 329 ,
383
defined, 326
effects on Amazon rainforest, 324, 328–29
fossil fuels, 80–81, 328
global temperature changes over time, 328,
330
greenhouse effect, 328, 329 , 383
greenhouse gases, 327–28, 329
melting of ice caps, 327
and phytoplankton biomass, 389
relationship to climate change, 324, 326
Gloeocapsa, 278
glycogen, 51, 53 , 294
glycolysis, 88, 89 , 90, 91
Godefroit, Pascal, 261–63
golden retrievers, 125
golden toad, 265
Golgi apparatus, 69, 70, 72
goshawks, 369
Grand Canyon, 236
grassland biome, 335 , 385 , 388
gray wolf. See also Yellowstone National Park
ecology
competition with bears, 371
domestication, 193, 194
effect on aspen trees, 358–59, 362–63, 364,
366 , 367–68
extermination in Yellowstone, 360–62
as keystone species, 360, 362, 366 , 372
protection under Endangered Species Act,
363
reintroduction to Yellowstone, 363, 364 , 366 ,
367, 371
relationship to dogs, 193, 194
as top predator, 367, 368, 378
wolf-elk-aspen food chain, 362, 364, 366
Great Danes, 117 , 120, 124, 126 , 193, 194
greenhouse effect, 328, 329 , 383
greenhouse gases, 327–28, 329
grizzly bears, 367, 370–71
group living, 369
guanine (G), 61, 157, 158 , 178
Güell, Marc, 156, 165, 166
gymnosperms, 258 , 292–93H
halophiles, 275
haploid chromosome set, 105–6, 107 , 109 , 240
Heliobacterium, 278
Hellberg, Michael, 238–39
hemagglutinin, 176–78, 179, 181, 184, 186
hemoglobin, 165
hemophilia, 143 , 144, 150
herbivores, 72, 257, 365, 384–85
herd immunity, 32, 33 , 34, 35
Herrel, Anthony, 233, 234, 236
heterotrophs, 278
heterozygotes, 126
heterozygous genotype, defined, 120, 140, 141 ,
145
Hicks, Alan, 4–7, 8–9, 12, 16
hippopotamus, 198, 199, 200, 202
histone proteins, 160, 161
homeostasis, 6, 66
hominids (apes), 260 , 307, 309
hominins, 307–8, 311–12, 315, 317
Homo erectus, 312 , 315–16, 317Homo genus. See also Neanderthals
anatomically modern Homo sapiens, 312 , 317,
318
archaic Homo sapiens, 316–17
biological classification, 303, 311
Homo erectus, 312 , 315–16, 317
Homo habilis, 312 , 315–16
origins, 315
out-of-Africa hypothesis, 316, 317
Homo habilis, 312 , 315–16
homologous pairs of chromosomes, 106–8, 109 ,
110 , 119 , 122, 124
homologous traits, 200–201
homozygous genotype, defined, 120, 140,
141
honeybees, 309
horizontal gene transfer, 221–22, 223, 277
hormones
estrogens, 98, 101, 105
insulin, 51, 99
hosts
defined, 365
humans and bacteria, 275, 276, 277
mycorrhizal fungi and, 287
parasites and, 365, 367
pathogenic bacteria and, 276, 365
sea fans and algae, 239–40
of viruses, 66
human body
birth weight in humans, 216, 218
brain volume, 311
elements in, 54
number of cells, 60
human egg cell size, 73
human evolution. See also evolution; Homo
genus; Neanderthals
anatomically modern Homo sapiens, 312 ,
317, 318–19
archaic Homo sapiens, 316–17
Ardipithecus ramidus, 311
Australopithecus afarensis, 311, 312
Australopithecus africanus, 312 , 315
belief in, 195
bipedalism and upright posture, 308,
310 , 311
brain volume, 311
characteristics of modern humans, 316
chimpanzees, DNA sequence similarity to
humans, 202, 203 , 309
differences between humans and other apes,
307, 309, 310
DNA sequence similarities to other species,
202, 203
hominin branch of the ape family, 307–8,
311–12, 315, 317
Homo erectus, 312 , 315–16, 317
Homo genus, biological classification,
303, 311
Homo genus, origins, 315
Homo habilis, 312 , 315–16
Linnaean hierarchy of human classification,
260
Neanderthal–modern human interbreeding,
302, 303, 312, 314, 318–19
opposable thumbs, 307
opposable toes, 309, 310 , 311
out-of-Africa hypothesis, 316, 317
percentages of genes shared by humans and
other species, 309
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 311
skulls of hominin species, 312