I10 fiffIndex
orchids
black-market plant trade, 286, 289, 292, 293
Dendrobium orchids, 286
lady slipper orchid (Paphiopedilum), 286
protection and regulation, 286, 289, 293
Rhynchostylis, 286
order (Linnaean hierarchy), 257, 260
Ordovician period, 252 , 261 , 263
organ systems, defined, 14
organ transplants
bone marrow, 136, 150
human organ growth in pigs, 166, 167
lungs, 156
pig-to-baboon lung transplant, 156
shortage of organs, 156
waiting lists, 156
xenotransplantation, 157
organelles, 68–72, 286–87
organic molecules, carbon bonding, 336
organic molecules, defined, 40
organisms, defined, 14
organs, defined, 14
origins of life. See also Miller experiments
fossil record, 250
geologic timescale and history of life, 252–53,
257, 260
macromolecules and, 51
meteorites and outer space materials, 48, 51
universal ancestor, 251, 256
volcanoes and, 47–48
origins of replication, 162, 163
osmosis, 65–66
Ostrander, Elaine, 120, 124, 125 , 126, 128–29, 131
out-of-Africa hypothesis, 316, 317
ovaries
egg production, 106
in plants, 293
overfishing, 378
ovules, 293
ovum. See egg (ovum)
oxidative phosphorylation, 88, 89 , 90
Oxitec, 348, 350, 351, 352
oxygen
atomic structure, 53
cellular respiration, 90
in Earth’s early atmosphere, 252, 278
in human body, 54
from photosynthesis, 82 , 85, 86
in water molecule, 44, 45
P
P generation, 120, 121 , 123
Pääbo, Svante, 312–14, 316
Pakicetus, 196, 197 , 200 , 205
Paleogene period, 253 , 263
pancreas
enzymes, 145
insulin production, 99
Pangaea, 203–4, 253
parasites
elk and, 359
fungi, 297
hosts and, 365, 367
malaria, 351
as predators, 365, 367
passenger pigeon, 265
passive transport
defined, 64
diffusion, 64 , 65
facilitated diffusion, 64 , 66
osmosis, 65–66
simple diffusion, 64 , 65, 66
transport proteins, 51, 64 , 66
pathogens, defined, 365
Patisaul, Heather, 108
pea plants, Mendel’s experiments, 120–22, 123,
124, 126
peacocks, 223
pedigree, defined, 137
pedigree analysis, 119, 126, 137, 138
peer review, 4, 5 , 12, 30–31, 386–87
peer-reviewed publications, 24, 26–27, 30–31
Pekingese, 119
Pembroke Welsh corgis, 125
penicillin, 212, 213
peppered moth, 216, 217
peptidoglycan, 51, 53
Permian period, 253 , 257, 263
personalized medicine, 127
pertussis (whooping cough), 22, 23
PERVs (porcine endogenous retroviruses), 157,
158–59, 160, 164–65, 166, 167
petri dishes, 6, 273
petrified wood, 196
phagocytosis, 67 , 68
Phelps, Jacob, 286, 289, 293, 297
phenotype
defined, 119
environment effect on, 127
nucleotide sequence and, 158, 159
phiX174 virus, 61
phospholipid bilayers, 63, 64 , 65, 66, 68
phospholipids, 53 , 55, 63, 65, 66, 68
photoautotrophs, 278
photoheterotrophs, 278
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), 81, 82 , 83, 85, 86 ,
336
chlorophyll, 85, 379–80
chloroplasts, 72, 85, 86
electron transport chain, 85, 86
energy from sunlight, 81, 82 , 86
evolutionary history, 252
glucose production, 81–82, 83, 86
light-independent reactions, or Calvin cycle,
85, 86
light reactions, 85, 86
oxygen production, 82 , 85, 86
photosystems I and II, 85, 86
by phytoplankton, 362, 379–80
proton pump, 86
reciprocal of cellular respiration, 81, 88
rubisco, 85, 86
photosystems I and II, 85, 86
pH scale, 49, 51
phylum (plural “phyla”), 257, 260
physical traits, 118
phytoplankton
chlorophyll concentration measurement,
382–83, 386–87, 389
Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey,
386–87
decline in phytoplankton levels in oceans,
383, 386–87, 389
diatoms, 258 , 288 , 389
green color, 379
nutrient requirements, 381
and ocean temperature, 389
photosynthesis, 362, 379–80
phytoplankton biomass, 382, 383, 386–87,
389
phytoplankton blooms, 379as primary producers, 362, 379–80
variety of shapes and sizes, 379
pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus)
DNA editing with CRISPR, 156 , 158–59, 160 ,
164, 166
DNA sequencing, 164
genome, 158, 160
human organ growth in, 166, 167
pig-to-baboon lung transplant, 156
porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), 157,
158–59, 160, 164–65, 166, 167
similarity of pig and human organs, 156, 157
pili (singular “pilus”), 93, 273–74
pinocytosis, 67 , 68
placenta, 307
plankton
chlorophyll concentration measurement,
382–83, 386–87, 389
Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey,
386–87
decline in phytoplankton levels in oceans,
383, 386–87, 389
diatoms, 258 , 288 , 389
green color of phytoplankton, 379
nutrient requirements, 381
and ocean temperature, 389
photosynthesis by phytoplankton, 362,
379–80
phytoplankton as primary producers, 362,
379–80
phytoplankton biomass, 382, 383, 386–87,
389
phytoplankton blooms, 379
variety of shapes and sizes, 379
zooplankton, 380, 381
plantain, 349
plants (Plantae). See also photosynthesis
adaptations for living on land, 291–92
asexual reproduction, 289
as basis of terrestrial food webs, 258 , 290 ,
291, 362, 363
ecological value, 291
evolutionary tree, 290
kingdom Plantae, 256 , 257, 258 , 259 , 290–92
number of edible plant species, 296
number of known species, 244
sexual reproduction, 289, 292–93
plasma membranes. See also transport through
plasma membranes
active transport, 64
artificial membrane creation, 63–64, 66, 68,
72
defined, 63
passive transport, 64–65, 66
receptor proteins, 66–67
selective permeability, 64
structure, 64 , 69
transport proteins, 51, 64, 66
vesicles, 67–68, 70 , 72
plasmids, 221
Plasmodium, 228, 289
plastics
bisphenol A (BPA) in, 105, 106, 108, 111
cell culture flasks, 98, 101
mouse cages and water bottles, 105
nonylphenol in, 101
recycling codes, 108
plate tectonics or continental drift, 203–4
platypus, 307, 309
pleiotropy, 127, 129
Pod Kopište (island), 232–34, 236