Biology Now, 2e

Index ■ I11

Pod Mrˇcaru (island), 232–34, 236
Podarcis sicula lizards
cecal valves, 233
genetic divergence, 236
one or two species, 234–35, 236
Pod Kopište population, characteristics, 232
Pod Mrˇcaru population, characteristics, 233,
234
rapid evolution in new habitat, 233–34
release on Pod Mrˇcaru, 232
point mutations, 164–66, 183
poison dart frog, 368
polar bears, 193 , 200 , 307
polar molecules, 44, 45
polio, 22, 23
pollen
angiosperms, 240
gymnosperms, 258 , 292
pollinators, 221, 240 , 292 , 360
polygenic traits, 127
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 163–64, 274
polymerases, 51, 162, 163 , 164–65
polymers, defined, 51
polyploidy, 240
polysaccharides, structure, 53
ponytail palms, 297
poodles, 120 , 125
population
carrying capacity, 346–47, 349
cyclical fluctuations, 350, 351
defined, 14 , 344
density-dependent population changes,
348–49, 350
density-independent population changes,
349–50
Earth’s human population, 347
evolution of populations, 193, 195, 206, 212,
214
exponential growth, 346–47
factors influencing population size, 344–45,
348–50
irregular fluctuations, 350
J-shaped growth curve, 346, 347
logistic growth, 346–47
population density, 345, 348, 350, 368
population doubling time, 346
population size, 344–45, 346, 350
reproductively isolated populations, 234, 238,
241
S-shaped growth curve, 346, 347
population density, 345, 348, 350, 368
population ecology, 345, 346, 352
porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), 157,
158–59, 160, 164–65, 166, 167
Portuguese water dogs (PWD)
black-fur allele (B), 120
breed characteristics, 118, 131
brown-fur allele (b), 120
Chou, 131
genetic research, 119–20, 126, 131
Georgie, 118, 124, 129
Georgie Project, 119, 120, 131
Mopsa, 118, 119, 131
pedigree analysis, 119, 126
postzygotic barriers, 241–42
potassium, 279, 382
Prada, Carlos, 237–39, 242
prairie dogs, 360
Precambrian period, 252 , 257, 261
predation, 365, 369
predators. See also specific animals

carnivores as, 365, 367

defined, 365

density-dependent population changes and,

349

effect on diversity, 361

evolution and, 216, 217 , 257, 305

herbivores as, 365

moth color and, 216, 217

parasites as, 365, 367

top predators, 307, 367, 368, 378, 381

preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), 148

premature infants, 148

prenatal genetic screening, 147, 148

prezygotic barriers, 241–42

primary consumers, 362, 380

primary literature, 26, 27

primary succession, 372

primates, 260 , 307, 308 , 310

primers, 162, 163–64

probability and genetics

overview, 124

Punnett squares, 122–23, 124, 142, 146 , 147

process of science. See scientific method

producers. See also plankton

aquatic producers, 336

cellular respiration, 82

defined, 362

energy capture, 380, 383, 386

in food chains, 362, 363

net primary productivity (NPP), 386, 387 ,

388

plants as basis of terrestrial food webs, 258 ,

291, 362, 363

primary producers, 379–80, 388

products, defined, 41

prokaryotes. See also archaea; bacteria

asexual reproduction, 100, 277

cell division by binary fission, 100, 277

circular DNA loop, 100, 271

comparison to eukaryotes, 68, 69 , 271

energy sources and carbon sources, 277–79

evolutionary history, 252

in extreme environments, 271, 275

horizontal gene transfer, 221–22, 223, 277

overview, 271

prokaryotic cells, characteristics, 68, 69

quorum sensing, 276

rapid population growth, 271

promoters, 177–78, 179

prophase I in meiosis, 107 , 109

prophase II in meiosis, 107 , 109

prophase in mitosis, 102

Protalix Biotherapeutics, 186

proteins

amino acids in, 42, 48, 51, 52

functions, 51

structure, 52

synthesis during translation, 174 , 179–83

in vaccines, 174–75

protists (Protista). See also algae

asexual reproduction, 289

decomposers, 258 , 279, 288

kingdom Protista, 256 , 257, 258 , 259 , 288–89

mixotrophs, 289

pathogenic protists, 289

protozoans, 288

Protoceratops, 196

protocetids, 205

proton pumps, 86

protons, 40, 41

protozoans, 288

Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Geomyces

destructans), 7, 9, 11, 12, 13. See also white-

nose syndrome

pseudopodia, 288

pseudoscience, 28, 29 , 30 , 31, 35

Punnett squares, 122–23, 124, 142, 146 , 147

pyruvate, 89 , 90

pythons, 202

Q

Quail Botanical Gardens, 289–90

quaternary consumers, 362

Quaternary period, 253 , 263

quorum sensing, 276

R

rabies vaccine, 186

raccoons, 365

radial symmetry, 303 , 305

rainforest (Amazon). See Amazon rainforest

randomization, 11

Ranga Rao, A. (and his widow), 196, 198

raptors, 196 , 256, 261

reactants, defined, 41

receptor-mediated endocytosis, 67 , 68

receptor proteins, 66–67

recessive alleles, 120, 142, 145–46

red blood cells

in isotonic solution, 66

sickle-cell disease, 144

size, 73

red-green color blindness, 145

red-spotted newt, genome size, 130

reindeer, 349

relative species abundance, 359, 360

renewable energy, 81, 92

reproduction as characteristic of life, 6, 66

reproductive barriers, 241–42, 243

reproductively isolated populations, 234, 238,

241

reptiles

evolution and classification, 252–53, 257, 260,

305

number of known species, 244

rhinovirus, size, 73

rho gene, 206

ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 180 , 181, 274

ribosomes

in prokaryotic cells, 69

protein synthesis, 72, 174 , 180 , 181

RNA translation, 174 , 180 , 181

in rough endoplasmic reticulum, 69 , 72

Rine, Jasper, 124

Riparo Mezzena fossils, 302, 311, 318–19

Ripple, William, 358–59, 362, 364, 367–68, 370,

372, 378

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

intron removal, 178–79

modifications after transcription, 178–79

mRNA synthesis by transcription, 174 , 178–79

mRNA translation at ribosome, 174 , 179–81

pairing with DNA strands, 157

pre-mRNA, 178

protein synthesis and, 55

ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 180 , 181

RNA splicing, 178–79

structure, 51, 52 , 178

transfer RNA (tRNA), 180 , 181

in viruses, 66

RNA polymerase, 177–79, 206