I14 fiffIndex
VRSA (Continued)
horizontal gene transfer from Enterococcus,
221–22, 223, 226
natural selection and antibiotic resistance,
215–16, 223, 226
treatment of infections, 225–26
vancomycin-resistance test, 213
W
Wakefield, Andrew, 27, 28, 31
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 214, 215
Wanner, Michael, 174, 175, 184
warning coloration, 368–69
wasps, exploitative competition, 370
water, properties and structure, 44–47
water cycle (hydrologic cycle), 47, 332–35
weather, defined, 326
West Nile virus, 15, 343, 346, 349, 353
whales and evolution. See also Indohyus
adaptation to aquatic life, 192, 193, 198–99,
200
Ambulocetus, 196, 197
Balaena (baleen whale), 197 , 205
biogeographic evidence, 204–5
common ancestry with Indohyus, 202
Dorudon, 196, 197
ear bones, 192
embryonic development, 205, 207
evolutionary trees, 197
fossils, 192, 195–200
gray whale commensalism with barnacles,
364, 365
Pakicetus, 196, 197 , 200 , 205
protocetids, 205
Rodhocetus, 197
skeletons and body sizes, 197
transition from land-living mammals, 192,
193, 196–200
vestigial traits, 201
wheat
gene editing with CRISPR, 160
seed size, 296
white blood cells, 67. See also specific types
white-nose syndrome (WNS). See also bats
discovery, 4–5
economic impact on agriculture, 15
environmental impact, 15
experimental design, 10–11
Geomyces destructans, 7, 9, 11, 13
hypothesis formation, 7–8, 13
hypothesis testing, 9–12
observation, 5–7, 8
observational studies, 8–9
peer-review process, 12
search for cause, 5–9
spread of disease, 12, 13–14, 16
symptoms, 4, 5
white spruce genome size, 130
willows, 358, 360, 362 , 365, 370
Wiskott, Alfred, 136–37, 139
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS), 136–37, 138 ,
139–40, 142, 145, 147–49, 165
wolves. See gray wolf
wood pigeons, 369
Worm, Boris, 378, 379, 383, 386, 387, 389X
xenotransplantation, 157. See also organ
transplants
Xerces blue butterfly, 265
Xiaotingia zhengi, 254 , 255–56, 262
X-linked disorders, 141–42, 143 , 145
X-linked genes, 141
Xu Xing, 249 , 250, 252, 253–54, 255–56, 261–63Y
Yang, Luhan, 156
yeasts, 60 , 61, 67 , 91, 295, 309
yellow fever, 346, 350
Yellowstone National Park ecology, 356–75. See
also aspen trees; elk; gray wolf
beavers, 360, 365, 369, 370, 371, 372
bison, 360, 364cottonwoods, 358, 363, 364, 365, 367, 371
coyotes, 360, 362 , 365
ecological community changes since 1920s,
359–60
grizzly bears, 367
Lamar River, 358, 363, 368
secondary succession, 371–72, 373
willows, 358, 360, 362 , 365, 370
Y-linked genes, 141Z
Zhang, Feng, 160
Zika virus
Brazil, 342–43, 345–46, 348, 350–51, 352
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), 342, 344 , 352
discovery, 346
fever symptoms, 342
field tests of GM mosquitoes, 345, 348,
350–51, 352
Friendly GM mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) and,
350–51, 352
infections reported in United States, 342,
343, 352
local transmission in United States, 342, 343,
352
microcephaly and, 342, 343 , 345
person-to-person transmission, 343–44
protection from, 344
transmission by mosquitoes, 15, 342, 343–44
vaccine trials, 352
virus particles, 345
Zoe (child with cystic fibrosis), 145–46, 147, 148
zooplankton, 380, 381
zygomycetes (molds), 294
zygotes
chromosome pairs, 106
defined, 105–6
formation from sperm and egg, 105–6, 313
heterozygotes, 126
mitosis, 106
in plants, 289