Index ■ I13“Station Six” meteorites, 48
statistics
correlation, 9, 28, 389
defined, 9
observational studies, 9
stick insects, 200
stomata (singular “stoma”), 291
stop codons, 180 , 181, 182
stromatolites, 250, 270
substrates, 85, 87
succession, 371–72, 373 , 382. See also ecological
communities
sugars, simple, 51
sunlight
and Earth’s temperature, 326–27, 328 , 329
energy for photosynthesis, 81, 82 , 86
and hydrologic cycle, 333
sustainability
biofuels, world consumption, 92
Earth equivalents, 332, 333
ecological footprint, 332
sustainable processes, defined, 332
sustainable trade of plants and animals, 293
swine flu (influenza virus H1N1), 24, 176, 185
sympatric speciation, 240, 241 , 243
synthetic biology
artificial cells, 68, 72
artificial membrane creation, 63–64, 66, 68,
72
M. mycoides genome construction, 61, 62,
72, 74
overview, 61
synthetic cell creation, 60
synthetic DNA, 60
synthetic virus genome, 61
Szent-Györgyi, Albert, 81
T
Tay-Sachs disease, 144 , 145
telophase I in meiosis, 107 , 109 , 110
telophase II in meiosis, 107 , 109
telophase in mitosis, 102, 103
temperate forest biome, 335 , 385 , 386
template strands, 157, 162–63, 164 , 178–79
terminator sequence, 178, 179
termite in amber, 196
tertiary consumers, 362, 380
testes, 106
tetanus, 23
tetracycline, 348
tetraploid organisms, 240
Thailand, 286, 289, 293
theories, 13
thermophiles, 275
theropods, 253–54, 255 , 256
Thewissen, J. G. M. “Hans,” 192–93, 195–96, 198,
205, 207
thimerosal, 30
thylakoids, 85, 86
thymine (T), 61, 157, 158
tissues
in animals, 259
defined, 14
tobacco
flu vaccine production, 174–76, 177 , 179–81,
184, 186
growing in greenhouse, 174
health risks, 127
tomato blight (Phytophthora infestans), 13
tomato genome size, 158
Toxoplasma gondii, 289
toxoplasmosis, 289
traits. See genetic traits
transcription, 174, 176–79
transfer RNA (tRNA), 180 , 181
transitional fossils, 196
translation, 174 , 179–83
transplantation of organs. See organ transplants
transport proteins, 51, 64, 66
transport through plasma membranes. See also
plasma membranes
active transport, 64
endocytosis, 67–68
exocytosis, 67
nonspecific endocytosis, 67 , 68
passive transport, 64–65, 66
phagocytosis, 67 , 68
pinocytosis, 67 , 68
receptor-mediated endocytosis, 67 , 68
receptor proteins, 66–67
resistance to electron transfer, 81, 83, 93
selective permeability, 64
specific endocytosis, 68
transport proteins, 51, 64, 66
vesicles, 67–68, 70 , 72
transport vesicles, 70 , 72
treatment group (experimental group), 11
tree frogs, 235
tree of life, 251, 256 , 258–59, 273
Triassic period, 253 , 263
triglycerides, structure, 53 , 55
trilobite, 196
triploid organisms, 240
trisomy, 140
trophic levels, 380, 383
tropical forest biome, 335 , 383, 384
truffles, 287, 294–95
tumors, defined, 101
tuna, 305 , 380, 381
tundra biome, 335 , 383, 384 , 386, 388
túngara frogs, 223
Turner syndrome, 139, 140
Tyrannosaurus rex, 254
tyrosinase gene, 128U
universal ancestor, 251, 256
universe, elements in, 54
up-regulation, 183
uracil (U), 178
Urey, Harold, 40, 41, 42–43, 49. See also Miller
experiments
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 108,
111, 176, 186, 227, 352V
vaccines
as cause of autism, arguments against, 25, 28,
30–31
as cause of autism, scientific claims, 23, 26–27
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) recommendations, 22, 31, 32 , 34
diphtheria, 22, 23
evaluation for effectiveness, safety, and side
effects, 31, 32
flu vaccine from tobacco, 174–76, 177 , 179–81,
184, 186
flu vaccine recommendations, 22
hepatitis B, 31
and herd immunity, 32, 33 , 34, 35history, 22
how vaccines work, 22, 174
immune system response, 22, 174
measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine,
27–28, 30–31
meningitis, 34
pertussis (whooping cough), 22, 23
production in chicken eggs, 174–75, 176,
186
production methods, 176
proteins in, 174–75
rabies, 186
RotaTeq vaccine, 26
rotavirus, 22, 23 , 26, 186
side effects, 31
smallpox, 22, 23
tetanus, 23
thimerosal in, 30
vaccination, defined, 22
Vaccines and Your Child (Offit), 25
vacuoles, 69 , 71 , 72
vancomycin, 212
vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. See
VRSA
van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie, 272, 279
variable traits, 118
variables, 9–10
vascular system in plants, 292
vascular tissues, 272
vectors, for diseases, 343, 345
Velociraptor, 196
Venter, J. Craig, 60, 61–62, 72, 74
vertebrae, 305
vertebrates
defined, 304
evolution, 252 , 257, 305
vesicles, 67–68, 70 , 72
vestigial traits, 201, 202
Vézina, Louis-Phillippe, 175–76, 177, 184, 186
Vibram, 24
viceroy butterfly, 368 , 369
villi (singular “villus”), 148
viral DNA. See also DNA
active DNA in pig genome, 161–62
in human genome, 161
porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs),
157, 158–59, 160, 164–65, 166, 167
protein coat, 66
viral strains, 66
viruses
characteristics, 61, 66
envelope, 66
evolution, 66
living or nonliving, 6 , 61, 66
protein coat, 66
sizes of viruses, 73
synthetic genome, 61
vitamin A, 24
vitamin C, 127
volcanoes, 47–48
vom Saal, Frederick, 111
VRSA (vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus)
clonal cluster 5 (CC5) strains of S. aureus,
222–23
discovery, 212–13
DprA gene, 223
evolution, 213–15, 218–19, 226
foot infections in diabetic patients, 212, 214,
219, 225
genes of VRSA strains, 223, 226