I-6 Index
definition of, 21
functional groups in, 26, 26f, 27f
origin of, 454–455
types of, 26, 39t (See also specific types)
n Biomass, 464
n Biomass pyramid, 464, 464f
n Biomes, 460, 460f
n Biopsy, 325, 433
n Bioremediation, 421
n Biosphere, 4, 4f–5f
n Biotechnology. See also entries under
Genetically modified and
Genetically engineered
n applications of, 418–419,
418f, 419f
n controversies over, 421, 422
n DNA sequencing, 416, 416f
n genetic engineering, 9, 293,
414–415, 414f, 415f, 420, 420f
n Human Genome Project,
416–417, 416f
n Biotic, defined, 460
Biotin (vitamin B 7 ), 214t
Bipedalism, 451, 451f, 452, 452f
n Bipolar disorder, 259, 402
Bipolar interneurons, 279, 279f
Bird(s)
and evolution, 446, 446f, 447f, 448f
n pesticides and, 37
n Bird (avian) flu, 190
Birth, 342, 342f
n and bacterial infections, 115
n breech, 342
n by cesarean section, 343
n HIV transmission during, 172
labor and delivery, 81, 96,
342–343, 342f
multiple, 332, 332f, 333, 333f, 382
pelvic adaptations to, 95
positive feedback loop in, 81
n premature, 37, 184, 340,
342–343, 345
trauma in, 258
Birth canal, 307f, 309
n Birth control, 316–317, 316t, 317f
n Birth control patch, 316t, 317
n Birth control pill, 316t, 317, 317f
n Birth defects
n causes of, 344–345, 344f, 345f, 350
n prenatal diagnosis of, 346, 346f
Birth rates, human, 472
n Black Death (bubonic plague), 9f, 474
Bladder (urinary), 226, 226f, 229f, 234,
306f, 307f, 310f, 311f
n cancer of, 188f, 234, 430t, 431f, 432
n referred pain from, 269f
Blastocoel, 332f
Blastocyst, 332–333, 332f, 333f, 336, 347t
Blastomere, 330
n Blindness, 281, 422. See also
Color blindness
Blind spot (optic disk), 276f, 277
n Blisters, 79, 86, 86f
Blood. See other blood-related entries
n agglutination, 146–147, 147f
amount in body, 142
blood–brain barrier, 253
calcium homeostasis in, 89, 100, 110,
294–295, 295f
cells. See Blood cells
circulation of, 72, 72f, 123, 126–127,
126f, 127f (See also Circulatory
system)
regulation of, 130
clotting of, 59, 134, 134f, 143,
150–151, 150f, 151f, 153, 154
coagulation of, 150, 154
components of, 142–143, 142f
as connective tissue, 70t, 71, 71f, 85t
donation, 142, 151, 151f
gas exchange role, 180, 184–185, 185f
glucose homeostasis in, 29, 212, 286,
291, 296, 298, 298f, 299, 304
n HIV transmission through, 172
in homeostasis, 137, 142, 253
maternal and embryonic/fetal, 337,
337f, 340–341, 341f
oxygen transport by, 34, 34f,
126, 126f, 144, 144f, 180, 181,
184–185, 185f
pH of (acid-base balance), 24, 24f,
25, 184–185, 186–187, 187f, 194,
232, 232f, 232t
proteins in, 34
pumping by heart, 72, 72f
solute exchange and, 127, 130, 131,
132–133, 132f, 133f, 196, 197,
201, 201f, 204, 205f, 211
n testing. See Blood tests
testosterone level homeostasis,
313, 313f
n transfusion of, 141, 146–148, 146t,
147f, 151, 379
urinary system filtering, 123f, 137,
227, 227f, 228–229, 228f, 233,
233f, 235
vessels. See Blood vessels
volume, regulation of, 230–231, 231f
water in, 22, 23, 224, 235
n Blood alcohol concentration
(BAC), 260
n Blood banks, 11f
Blood–brain barrier, 253, 264
Blood cells
in karyotyping, 387
production of, 90, 90t, 142, 143, 143f,
145, 145f, 152, 153, 154, 158f,
162, 163f (See also Red blood
cells; White blood cells)
types of, 142–143, 142f, 143f
Blood clots, 134, 134f, 317
Blood clotting, 59, 134, 134f, 143,
150–151, 150f, 151f, 153, 154Blood clotting factors, in innate
immune response, 161
n Blood disorders, 152–153, 152f, 153f.
See also Anemias; Hemophilia;
Leukemias; Sickle-cell anemia
n Blood doping, by athletes, 145
Blood plasma, 71, 71f, 80, 142, 142f,
184–185, 202f, 203
Blood pressure, 129. See also Pulse
aging and, 349
n in anaphylactic shock, 170
changes in, across cardiovascular
system, 130–131, 130f
n control of, 133
diastolic, 129, 129f, 129t
heart contractions generating,
129, 129f
n high, 129, 129t (See also High blood
pressure)
homeostasis, 131, 133, 226, 291,
296, 300
n low (hypotension), 129, 129t
n measurement of, 129f, 129t
nervous system control of, 251
smoking and, 177
systolic, 129, 129f, 129t
n urinary system and, 230–231
Blood sugar
n disorders of, 299, 299f (See also
Diabetes mellitus)
n low (hypoglycemia), 296, 299
regulation of, 29, 212, 286, 291, 296,
298, 298f
n Blood tests, 149, 149t
n cancer, 432, 432t
n cholesterol level, 134, 149
n fecal occult blood, 432t
n HIV, 172
n PSA, 325
n Blood types, 141, 379, 379f
n ABO types, 146–147, 146t, 379,
379f, 383
n cross-matching of, 148
n other markers, 148
n Rh types, 148, 148f
n and tissue transplantation, 167
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
test, 149t
Blood vessels. See also Arteries;
Arterioles; Capillaries/capillary
beds; Veins
aging and, 349
associated with nephrons, 227f (See
also Glomerulus)
blood pressure control by, 131, 133
body temperature regulation role,
82–83, 82f, 83t
in bone, 88, 88f, 89f
n in cancer, growth of, 154
cardiovascular system role of,
126–127, 126f, 127f
in circulatory system, 123, 123fBiological molecules, continued
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