HUMAN BIOLOGY

Index  I-9

glomerular, 227, 227f, 228, 228f
histamine and, 161, 161f
in liver, 203f
in lungs, 178f, 184, 184f, 185f
lymph, 159, 159f
lymph system and, 133, 158, 159
peritubular, 227, 227f, 228, 228f, 229,
230, 232, 232f
respiration regulation and, 187
in skeletal muscle, 107, 116
structure and function of, 130–133,
130f, 132f, 133f
Carbaminohemoglobin, 185
Carbohydrates, 28–29, 39t
ATP production using, 59, 60
in bone, 88
complex (polysaccharides), 29, 29f,
70, 205t, 212
n dietary recommendations, 212
digestion of, 196f, 202, 204,
205f, 205t
disaccharides, 28, 28f, 205t
as energy source, 63, 296
n low-carb diet, 212
monosaccharides, 28, 212
oligosaccharides, 28–29
as type of biological molecule, 26
Carbon
in amino acids, 32, 32f
atmospheric levels, 467
atomic structure of, 18f, 19
in carbohydrates, 28, 28f
in carbon cycle, 466–467,
466f–467f
in cellular respiration, 60, 61
chemical bonding, in biological
molecules, 26
in human body, 16f
isotopes, 17
in lipids, 30–31, 30f, 31f
in nucleotides, 36, 36f
in organic compounds, 26
Carbonate, 466, 466f–467f
Carbon backbone, 26
Carbon cycle, 466–467, 466f–467f,
478, 483
Carbon dioxide
ATP production creating, 61, 62f
and blood–brain barrier, 253
as buffer, 25, 232
in carbon cycle, 466–467, 466f–467f
cell membrane permeability and,
47, 47f
chemoreceptors response to,
186–187, 187f
n deforestation and, 483
in early atmosphere, 454
in ecosystem cycling of, 461f
exchange of, 126, 126f, 130, 180–181,
180f, 181f, 184–185, 184f,
185f, 225, 225f, 232, 337, 337f,
340–341, 341f, 342

n as greenhouse gas, 478–479,

478f–479f, 483

hemoglobin transport of, 143,

184–185

as metabolic byproduct, 225

partial pressure, 180, 180f

n as pollutant, 476

removal from body, 225, 225f

n Carbon footprint, 488

Carbonic acid, 25, 185, 232, 232f

Carbonic anhydrase, 185, 194

n Carbon monoxide poisoning,

152, 194

Carbon ring, 26, 28, 31, 31f

Carboxyl group, 26, 26f, 30, 32, 32f,

33, 33f

Carboxypeptidase, 205t

n Carcinogenesis, 428–429, 428f,

429f, 480

n Carcinogens, 190, 429, 430, 430f, 430t,

435, 436t

n Carcinomas, 79, 79f, 190, 431. See

also Cancer

n Cardiac arrest, 121, 135, 136. See also

Heart attack

Cardiac conduction system,

128, 128f

Cardiac cycle, 124–125, 125f

Cardiac hormones, 292t, 300

Cardiac muscle. See also Heart

n arrhythmias of, 135, 135f

blood circulation to, 127, 127f

cell junctions in, 74, 104,

128, 128f

contraction of, 104, 124–125, 125f,

128, 128f, 129f

heart function and, 124, 124f

muscle tissue, 72, 72f

nervous system control of, 250

structure and function of, 104, 104f,

117, 124, 128

n weakening of, 136

Cardiac output, 125

n Cardiac pacemaker, 128

Cardiac vein, 127f

Cardiocerebral resuscitation (CCR),

136, 136f

n Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

(CPR), 136f

n Cardiovascular disease,

134–136, 134f

n and breathing, at high

altitude, 181

n deaths from, 134

n diabetes and, 299

n diet and, 129t, 134, 135t, 212

n prevention of, 15, 40

n risk, blood tests for, 149

n risk factors for, 116, 116f, 134,

135, 135t, 136, 136f, 176,

188, 188f, 195, 216, 218,

219, 260

Cardiovascular system, 122f, 123.

See also Blood; Blood vessels;

Circulatory system; Heart;

entries under Cardiac

aging impact on, 134, 135t, 348–349

blood pressure in. See Blood

pressure

cardiovascular circuits, 126–127,

126f, 127f

digestive system interaction, 123,

123f, 137, 211

early development of, 340–341, 341f

endocrine system interaction, 137, 301

homeostasis and, 123, 123f, 137

immune system interaction, 137, 157

integumentary system interaction, 137

lymphatic system interaction, 123,

132–133, 137, 158, 159, 159f

muscular system interaction, 117,

131, 131f, 137

nervous system interaction, 137, 261

overview of, 76, 77f

reproductive system interaction, 137

respiratory system interaction, 123,

123f, 137, 180, 191

sensory system interaction, 137

skeletal system interaction, 100, 137

urinary system interaction, 123, 123f,

137, 235

Carnivores, 462, 463f, 464, 464f

Carotene, 79

Carotid arteries, 122f, 131, 138

Carotid bodies, 186, 187f

Carpal bones, 91f, 94, 94f, 97f

Carpal tunnel, 98

n Carpal tunnel syndrome, 94, 98

n Carrier(s), of genetic disorders,

390, 391

n Carrier identification testing, 391

Carrot, phytochemicals in, 15

n Carrying capacity, 474, 474f

Cartilage

bone development and, 88–89, 89f

as connective tissue, 70f–71f, 70t,

71, 85t

elastic, 71

fibrocartilage, 71

hyaline, 71

in joints, 96, 96f

in nasal cavity, 178

n skeletal disorders and, 98

in skeletal system, 90, 91f

thyroid, 178

Cartilaginous joints, 96, 96f

Catabolism, 58–59

n Cataracts, 281, 281f, 361, 477t

Cats, and toxoplasmosis, 350

Causation vs. correlation, 8, 8t

Cave paintings, 453f

Cavities, body, 76, 76f

n Cavities, in teeth, bacteria causing,

210, 210f

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