I-44 Index
Skeletal muscle
antagonistic pairs of, 106–107, 107f
in blood circulation, 131, 131f
blood circulation to, 127f
in body temperature regulation, 82f,
83, 83t
bones moved by, 72, 72f, 106, 107f,
108–109
calcium storage in, 50
cells of, 43, 43f, 104, 104f (See also
Muscle fibers)
contraction of, 104, 108–109, 108f,
109f, 112–113, 113f, 131, 131f
n diseases and disorders of, 114–115,
114f, 115f
energy for, 63, 63f, 109, 109f, 112,
112f, 116
n exercise and, 116, 116f
exercise recovery time, 113
hormones acting on, 296, 297f
hormones produced by, 120, 300
intercostal, 178f, 182, 182f,
186f, 187f
lactate fermentation as energy
source for, 63, 63f
and lymph vascular system, 159
nervous system interaction with,
106–107, 110–111, 110f, 111f,
112, 113f, 114–115, 117, 128,
244, 244f, 246–247, 247f, 248f,
250–251, 250f, 254, 254f, 255f,
256, 261
sensory systems and, 100, 267, 267f
structure and function of, 72, 72f,
104, 104f, 106–107, 106f, 107f,
112–113, 112f, 113f, 117
swallowing and, 199, 199f
types of, 107, 107f
Skeletal system, 90, 91f. See also entries
under Bone
aging and, 98, 99, 348
appendicular skeleton, 90, 91f,
94–95, 94f, 95f
axial skeleton, 90, 91f, 92–93, 92f–93f
cardiovascular system interaction,
100, 137
cartilage in, 96, 96f
connective tissue in, 70f–71f, 70t, 71,
88, 88f, 90
digestive system interaction,
100, 211
n disorders, 87, 98–99, 98f, 99f
endocrine system interaction, 100,
295, 295f, 301
evolution of, 451, 451f
in homeostasis, 90, 90t, 100
immune system interaction
with, 100
integumentary system interaction
with, 100
joints role in. See Joints
lymphatic system interaction, 100
muscular system interaction, 100,
117 (See also Skeletal muscle)
nervous system interaction, 100, 261
overview of, 76, 77f
reproductive system interaction, 100
respiratory system interaction, 100
sensory system interaction, 100,
267, 267f
structure and functions of, 90t, 91f
urinary system interaction, 100, 235
Skill memory, 257, 257f
Skin, 78–79. See also Integument
aging and, 348
n artificial, growing of, 73, 73f
bacteria on, 47, 47f
blood circulation to, 127f
in body temperature regulation,
82–83, 82f, 83t
n cancer of, 79, 79f, 426, 426f, 429,
429f, 430t, 431, 431f, 438, 477t
cell junctions in, 74
collagen in, 78, 84
color of, 79, 79f, 373, 380, 380f, 383
connective tissue supporting, 70,
70f–71f
as defense, 79, 156, 160
n diabetes and, 299, 299t
n disorders of, 79, 79f, 389, 389f
elastin fibers in, 78, 79, 84
as epithelial membrane, 75, 75f
epithelium of, 68–69, 68f, 69t
microorganisms on, 160, 160f
as organ system, 78–79, 78f
piercing of, 86, 86f
pigments in, 79, 79f, 373
as protection, 86
n rashes, 170, 170f, 321
sensory receptors in, 268, 269f
n tanning, 79, 381, 429, 429f, 435, 438
n ulcers, 86, 86f, 321, 321f
n wounds, healing of, 73, 73f,
151, 151f
n X-linked disorders of, 389, 389f
n Skin cancer, 79, 79f, 426, 426f, 429,
429f, 430t, 431, 431f, 438, 477t
Skull/skull bones, 91f, 92–93, 92f–93f,
96, 447, 447f, 451, 451f
SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sleep, 256, 256f, 300
n Sleep apnea, 189, 218
Sliding filament model (muscle
contraction), 108–109, 109f
Slow (red) muscle, 107, 107f
Slow-wave sleep, 256
n Small-cell carcinomas, 190
Small intestine, 203f, 205f, 269f
in food processing, 196f, 197, 201,
201f, 202, 202f, 204, 205f, 205t,
207, 207f, 207t
in lymphatic system, 159
n Smallpox, vaccine for, 168, 168f, 176
Smell (olfaction), 270–271, 270f, 271fSmiling, as genetically-programmed
trait, 382
n Smog, 476, 476f, 477, 477t, 478f
Smoking. See Tobacco smoke
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 44f,
50, 50f–51f
Smooth muscle, 117
in bladder, 229
in blood vessels, 130, 130f, 131
in bronchioles, 187
cell junctions in, 74
cells of, 104
contraction of, 150, 150f, 206, 342
in digestive tract, 197, 197f, 206
n disorders of, 393
in female reproductive tract, 311, 315
hormones affecting, 286
in lymph vessels, 159
in male reproductive tract, 314
nervous system control of, 248f, 250
response to body temperature
changes, 82f, 83
role in hemostasis, 150, 150f
in small intestine, 204
structure and function of, 72, 72f,
104, 104f
in uterus, 305, 342
Snakes, evolution of, 447, 447f, 448f
Sneezing, 194
n Snoring, 189
SNPs (single nucleotide
polymorphism), 416, 417f
Social behavior. See Behavior
Sodium
in diet, 214, 215t
homeostasis, 296, 300
in human body, 16, 16f
Sodium channels, gated
in neurons, 240–241, 241f, 242–243,
242f–243f, 246, 246f
in taste receptors, 271
Sodium chloride (NaCl). See Salt
(NaCl; table salt)
Sodium ions
crossing colon lining, 206
crossing neuron plasma membrane,
240–241, 241f, 242–243,
242f–243f
in extracellular fluid, 224, 225, 296
in neuron signaling, 240–241, 241f,
242–243, 242f–243f
in salt, 20, 20f, 23, 23f, 271
urinary system processing of,
228–229, 228f, 229t, 230, 230f,
231, 231f
Sodium-potassium pumps, 243, 243f
Soft palate, 179
n Soil
n deforestation and, 483
n erosion of, 483
n salinization of, 480
n Solar energy, 4, 5f, 489, 489fCopyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).