Index I-45n Solar power, 484, 485, 485f,
489, 489f
n Solid waste, 480–481, 481f
Solutes
blood transport of, 123
daily gain and loss of, 225, 225f
defined, 23
diffusion through cell membrane,
54–55, 54f, 55f, 56, 56f
exchange of, through capillaries,
130, 132–133, 132f, 133f
exchange of, through venules, 131
lymphatic system transport of, 159
urinary system processing of,
228–229, 228f, 229t, 230, 230f
Solution, chemical, 24
tonicity of, 55
Solvent(s)
n chemical, as carcinogen, 430t
water as, 23
Somatic cells, 354, 355f, 356, 357t,
361, 368
Somatic nerves, 248, 248f, 250
n Somatic pain, 268–269
Somatic sensations, 267, 268–269,
268f, 269f
Somatosensory cortex, 254f, 255,
268, 268f
Somatostatin, 207, 207t, 291, 292t, 298
Somatotropin (GH; growth hormone),
102, 288t, 290t, 291, 291f, 293,
293f. See also Human growth
hormone (HGH)
Somites, 334, 334f, 338f
n Sound
loud, and hearing damage, 273, 275
loudness of, 272f, 273, 275
pitch (tone) of, 272f, 273
as wave form, 272, 272f, 273
Sound waves, 272, 272f, 273
South America
n deforestation in, 483, 483f
n global warming and, 479
Spasm, of blood vessel, 150, 150f
n Spasm, of muscle, 114
n Spastic colon, 208
n Spastic paralysis, 115
Special connective tissue, 70f–71f, 70t,
71, 85t
Specialist species, 460
Special senses, 267
Speciation, 443, 443f
Species. See also Biomes
in classification system, 450, 450t
definition of, 443
n endangered, 458, 458f, 486, 486f
n endemic, 486
evolution of, 443, 443f (See also
Evolution)
n generalist, 460
n habitats of, 460
n niches of, 460
scientific names of, 450
specialist, 460
Specificity, in immune response, 156,
156t, 157, 162
Speech (brain centers), 254, 254f
n Speech therapy, after stroke, 150f
Sperm, 306, 311f, 331f, 370f. See
also Gametes
n banks, 318
capacitation, 315
fertilization and, 314, 314f, 315, 315f
formation of, 297, 300, 310, 311,
312–313, 312f, 313f, 362, 363, 363f
and gender determination, 388, 388f
n infertility and, 318–319, 318f, 319f
storage of, 311
structure of, 53f, 312–313, 313f
Spermatids, 312, 312f, 362, 363f
Spermatocytes, 312, 312f, 362, 363f
Spermatogenesis, 297, 300, 310, 311,
312–313, 312f, 313f, 362,
363, 363f
Spermatogonia, 312, 312f
Spermatozoa. See Sperm
n Spermicides, 316, 316t, 323
S phase, of cell cycle, 356, 356f
Sphenoid bones, 92, 92f–93f
Sphenoid sinus, 92f–93f
Spheres of hydration, 23, 23f
Sphincters
anal, 206, 206f
in digestive system, 197, 197f, 199,
199f, 200, 200f, 208, 218f
precapillary, 133, 133f
in reproductive system, 314
urethral, 229, 229f
Sphingolipids, 392
Spice (psychoactive drug), 260
n Spider veins, 132
n Spina bifida, 344–345, 344f
n Spinal cancer, 258
Spinal cavity, 76, 76f
Spinal cord
n damage to, 258
n exposed (spina bifida),
344–345, 344f
formation of, 334, 334f, 335f
nervous system role of, 248,
248f, 249f
neuron interaction in, 247, 247f
and reflex actions, 246, 247f
structure and function of, 251, 251f
n syphilis and, 321
vertebrae protecting, 91f, 93, 93f
n Spinal muscular atrophy, 407, 407f
Spinal nerves, 248, 249f, 250, 250f
Spinal reflexes, 246, 247f, 251
Spindles
in cell division, 358, 359f, 360f,
362, 364–365, 364f–365f, 366,
368f–369f
muscle, 246, 247fSpine, 91f. See also Vertebrae/vertebral
column; entries under Spinal
Spleen, 127f, 145, 158f, 159, 162,
164, 203f
n Sponge, contraceptive, 316
Spongy bone tissue, 88, 88f, 90f
Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage),
344, 345, 350, 361
n Sporadic diseases, 173
Sports. See Athletes; Exercise
n Sports drinks, 82
n Sprains, 98–99
n Squamous cell carcinoma, 79,
79f, 190
Squamous epithelium, 68f, 69, 69t,
78f, 79
SRY gene, 388
Stapes (stirrup), 272, 272f–273f
n Staph A, 153, 153f, 173
n Staph infections, 11f, 153, 153f, 173
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, 11f,
153, 153f
Staphylococcus epidermis bacteria, 160f
Starch
digestion of, 198
as nutrient, 212
plant storage of, 29, 29f
Start codon, 410, 412, 412f
Statins, 134, 140
STD. See Sexually transmitted diseases
Stearic acid, 30f
Stem cell(s)
adult, 67, 73, 73f, 86, 330
blood cell formation from, 142, 143f,
145, 162, 163f
chemotherapy and, 434
embryonic, 67, 67f, 86, 318, 421
lymphoid, 142, 143f
myeloid, 142, 143f
pluripotent, 142, 143f
n research on, 67, 67f, 73, 86, 258,
318, 330, 421
role of, 67
n and “stem cell tourism,” 74
umbilical, 67, 73, 73f
n Stents, arterial, 134, 135f
Stereocilium, 274f
Sternum (breastbone), 90, 91f, 93,
94f, 182
Steroid hormones, 31, 288, 288t, 289f,
296, 409
n Steroids, and immune system, 189
Sterols, 31, 31f
STH. See Somatotropin
n Stillbirth, 344, 345
n Stimulants, 260
Stimuli. See also Action potentials;
Electrical charges
homeostasis and, 80, 81f
sensory response to, 266–267,
266f, 267f
Stirrup (stapes), 272, 272f–273fCopyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).