132 M. Alibabaie and M. H. Safaralizadehbromide, the CT is constant with time, in other
words the dose can be reduced by half if the du-
ration is doubled (Estes 1965 ; Bell and Glanville
1973 ; Bond 1984 ).
Fumigants, such as phosphine, are much more
effective for longer durations (Bell and Glanville
1973 ). For example, the CT of phosphine reduces
by 50 % when the exposure goes from 2 to 24 h
(Lindgren and Vincent 1966 ), whereas other fu-
migants, such as sulfuryl fluoride, have higher CT
with longer durations (Kenaga 1961 ). For many
of the pure products we tested the LD 50 remained
constant with time, causing the CT to increase
with time. For products such as camphor the LD 50
declined with time, the CT increased with time.
Understanding the factors that affect CT of essen-
tial oils will be important in predicting mortality
under field conditions, where concentrations var-
ied due to loss of gas from leakage and absorp-
tion by commodities (Bond 1984 ). The amount of
fumigant needed to control insects depends upon
a number of factors: stage, species, duration, tem-
perature, and commodity (Bond 1984 ).
This study reports that the volatile compounds
detected in blood samples such as myristicin,
4-terpineole, and safrole were associated with
fumigant toxicity in C. maculates. It is sug-
gested that the fumigant toxicity by nutmeg seed
essential oil is due, at least in part, to the direct
pharmacological action of one or more of its con-
stituents. Although the essential oils and their
constituent compounds tested as fumigants were
not as active as commercial fumigants, they, un-
like commercial fumigants, do act as repellents
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