Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment From Molecular to Clinical, Part 1

312

Table 17.2

Characterization of pre-clinical models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and summary of the main changes induced by exercise training

PA H

Species and weight or age

a

Mode of exercise

Cardiac afterload

b

Cardiac function

c

Cardiac hypertrophy

PA hypertrophy

References

MCT (60 mg/kg)

MWR, ~100 g

AET

⇑

⇓

⇔

NA

[^35

]

MCT (40 mg/kg)

MWR, ~224 g

AET

1

⇔

NA

[^34

]

MCT (40 vs. 60 mg/kg)

MWR, 150–175 g

AET

⇔⇑

2

⇔⇓

4

⇔

⇔⇑

2

[^33

]

MCT (40 mg/kg)

MSDR, ~300 g

HIIT vs. AET

⇓⇔

3

⇑⇔

5

⇓⇔

6

⇔

[^30

]

MCT (60 mg/kg)

MWR, ~146 g

AET

⇔

NA

⇔

NA

[^26

]

MCT (60 mg/kg)

MWR, ~315 g

AET

⇔

⇑

⇔

NA

[^32

]

MCT (60 mg/kg)

MWR, ~139 g

AET

⇔

⇑

⇔

⇓

[^25

]

MCT (60 mg/kg)

MWR, ~200 g

FWR

NA

⇑

⇓

NA

[^28

]

MCT (60 mg/kg)

MWR, ~206 g

AET

⇔

⇑

⇓

NA

[^31

]

MCT (60 mg/kg)

MWR, 160–180 g

AET

NA

⇔

NA

[^86

]

MCT (60 mg/kg)

MWR, 180–200 g

AET

⇔

⇑

⇔

[^27

]

MCT (60 mg/kg)

MWR, 150 g

AET

⇔

⇑

⇓

[^29

]

Hypoxia (PIO

= 110 Torr) 2

MSDR, 10 weeks

AET

NA

⇓

NA

[^81

]

Hypoxia (PIO

= 70 Torr) 2

MSDR, 200–225 g

AET

⇔

⇑

⇓

NA

[^24

]

Hypoxia (PIO

(^2)

≈

90 mm hg)

MWR, 300–350 g

AET

NA

⇔

NA

[^85

]

Hypoxia (10% O

) 2

MC57BL/6 J

AET

⇓

NA

⇔

⇓

[^84

]

NA

information not available;

MWR

male Wistar rats;

MSDR

male Sprague-Dawley rats; MC57BL/6 J, male C57BL/6 J mice; AET continuous aerobic exercise

training;

HIIT

high intensity interval training;

FRW

free wheel running;

⇑

, increased in comparison to sedentary with PAH;

⇔

, no change in comparison to

sedentary with PAH;

⇓

, decreased in comparison to sedentary with PAH

1 Downhill running;

2 No change in “stable PAH” but increased in “progressive PH”;

3 Decreased with HIIT and no change with AET;

4 No change in “stable

PAH” but decreased in “progressive PAH”;

5 Increased with HIIT but no change in AET;

6 Decreased with HIIT but no change with AET

aWeight or age at the beginning of the study;

bCardiac afterload denotes changes in one or more of the following parameters: pulmonary vascular resistance

(PVR

), right ventricular systolic pressure (

RVSP

), pulmonary arterial pressure (

PA P

), arterial elastance (Ea), pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT) or

acceleration time to ejection time ratio (AT/ET);

cCardiac function denotes changes in one or more of the following parameters: cardiac output (

CO

), stroke

volume (

SV

), fractional shortening (

FS

), myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction (AIV), isovolumic relaxation time (

IVRT

), tricuspid annular

plane maximal systolic velocity (E

′), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (

TAPSE

), end-diastolic pressure (

EDP

), time constant of ventricular pressure

decay (

Ta u

), end-diastolic (

EDPVR

) and end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (

ESPVR

)

D. Moreira-Gonçalves et al.