220 Numbers
- Thomas H. Broman, The Transformation of German Academic Medicine,
1750–1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 10; Anita Guerrini,
“Newtonianism, Medicine and Religion,” in Religio Medici: Medicine and Religion in
Seventeenth- Century England, ed. Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham (Aldershot:
Scolar Press, 1996), 293–312 (quoting Mandeville on p. 297). - Whitfi eld J. Bell Jr., The College of Physicians of Philadelphia: A Bicentennial His-
tory (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1987), 7. - Edward C. Carter II, “One Grand Pursuit”: A Brief History of the American Philo-
sophical Society’s First 250 Years, 1743–1993 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical
Society, 1993), 6–7; James H. Cassedy, Medicine in America: A Short History (Baltimore,
MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 16. For a brief survey of science and
medicine in America, see John Duffy, “Science and Medicine,” in Science and Society in
the United States, ed. David D. Van Tassel and Michael G. Hall (Homewood, IL: Dorsey
Press, 1966), 107–34. - Whitfi eld J. Bell Jr., John Morgan: Continental Doctor (Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1965), 116–28. - Samuel Miller, A Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century (New York: T. and
J. Swords, 1803), 1: 201–2, 316–17. - Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans.
A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon, 1973), xv; Laurence Brockliss and Colin
Jones, The Medical World of Early Modern France (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 826. - Brockliss and Jones, Medical World of Early Modern France, 826, 832–33. Gener-
ally, however, medical participation in scientifi c societies seems to have declined
during the eighteenth century; see James E. McClellan III, Science Reorganized: Scientifi c
Societies in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 37–38. - Quoted in J. Rosser Matthews, Quantifi cation and the Quest for Medical Certainty
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 19, 62–63. For recent assessments of
the so- called Paris school, see Caroline Hannaway and Ann La Berge, Constructing Paris
Medicine (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998). - Matthews, Quantifi cation and the Quest for Medical Certainty, 30 (Auber), 65
(Double), 71 (Comte). - Ibid., 46.
- Arleen Marcia Tuchman, Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case
of Baden, 1815–1871 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 10–11, 162; see also
John E. Lesch, Science and Medicine in France: The Emergence of Experimental Physiology,
1790–1855 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); and Michael Hagner,
“Scientifi c Medicine,” in From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of
Nineteenth- Century Science, ed. David Cahan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2003), 49–87. - “Is Medicine Entitled to Rank as a Branch of Science?” London Medical Gazette
26 (1840): 918–19; see also Jack Morrell and Arnold Thackray, Gentlemen of Science:
Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1981), 453–54, 509. - Gerald L. Geison, Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology: The
Scientifi c Enterprise in Late Victorian Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1978), 329.