Index I-5metabolic rate and, 662
negative feedback control with, 7, 7f
regulation of, 227, 228, 260, 405
sweating and, 7, 475
Body weight, 664, 671–672, 674f
Bohr effect, 562, 566
BOLD response, 213
Bolus, 624
Bonds, chemical, 26–29, 26–29f
Bone deposition, 690–692
Bone marrow, 19–20, 408, 409, 499, 739
Bone marrow transplants, 411
Bone resorption, 690–692
Bones
androgens and, 714
deposition of, 690–692
formation of, 16–17, 690–692
resorption of, 690–692, 691f
scanning electron micrographs of, 694f
structure of, 16–17, 17f
Boniva, 693
Bony labyrinth, 279
Botulinum toxin (Botox), 183, 187t, 363
Botulism, 652
Boutons, terminal, 181
Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule, 586
Boyle’s law, 538
BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia), 719
Brachial plexus, 236f
Bradycardia, 256, 260, 440
Bradykinin, 260, 350, 466, 475
Braille, 273
Brain. See also Cerebrum
blood-brain barrier, 171
blood flow to, 473–474, 474f
developmental sequence of, 207–208, 208f
diencephalon, 207, 208, 208f, 225–228
energy sources for, 123, 125t
hindbrain, 207, 208, 208f, 230–231
methods of visualizing, 212–214, 212–214f, 213 t
midbrain, 207, 208, 208f, 228–230
respiratory control centers in, 553–555, 554–555f
structural organization of, 207–209, 207–209f
Brain cancer, 518
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 170
Brain stem, 231, 553–555, 624
Branched metabolic pathways, 95, 95f
Breast cancer, 75, 325, 443, 518, 520, 671
Breast-feeding, 518, 746–748, 747f
Breathing. See Ventilation
Broca’s aphasia, 218
Broca’s area, 212, 218, 218f
Bromocriptine, 746
Bronchi, 534–535, 535f
Bronchioles, 534, 535–536
Bronchiolitis, chronic obstructive, 546
Bronchoconstriction, 544
Brown adipose tissue, 120–121, 675
Bruch’s membrane, 298, 305
Brush border, 630, 631f
Brush border enzymes, 630, 631t
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), 607
Buchner, Eduard, 89
Buck, Linda B., 5t
Buffer pairs, 30
Buffers, 30, 568, 610
Buffy coat, 406f
Bulbourethral gland, 719f
Bulimia nervosa, 671
Bulk transport, 54–55, 148–149, 149fto skin, 474–475, 475f
turbulent, 479–480
vascular resistance to, 463–465, 464–465f, 464 t
Blood-gas machine, 560
Blood pressure, 475–482
arterial, 476
atrial stretch reflexes and, 479
baroreceptor reflex and, 477–478f, 477–479
cardiac cycle and, 482
cardiac output and, 476, 482
cardiac rate and, 451, 476, 482
diastolic, 479
hypertension, 440, 482–484, 483t, 485 t
hypotension, 478, 510
Korotkoff sounds in, 480, 480f
mean arterial, 481–482
measurement of, 476, 479–481, 480–481f
negative feedback control of, 9, 9f
peripheral resistance and, 465, 476, 482
in pulmonary circulation, 551–552
pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure, 481–482
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and, 461–462
stroke volume and, 476
systolic, 479
vasoconstriction, effects on, 475–476, 476f
Blood-testis barrier, 716
Blood transfusions, 412–413
Blood typing, 412–413, 413f
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 600
Blood values, fasting, 6, 6t
Blood vessels. See also Arteries; Veins
angiogenesis of, 435
capacitance, 455
circulatory system, 406, 431–435, 432f
functions of, 406
paracrine regulation of, 350, 435
renal, 585–586, 585f
resistance to blood flow in, 463–465
structure of, 431–432, 432f
Blood volume, 456–463
in extracellular compartment, 456, 456f
fluid movement between capillaries and tissue,
457–458, 458f
regulation by kidneys, 459–462, 462–463f
Blue cones, 303, 303f
B lymphocytes
in clonal selection theory, 516, 516f, 517 t
comparison with T lymphocytes, 499, 500t
functions of, 499, 503–507
in immediate hypersensitivity, 523
in local inflammation, 502
memory cells, 503, 503f, 508 f, 511, 516
plasma cells, 503, 503f, 508, 508f, 516
production of, 499
BMI (body mass index), 671–672
BMR (basal metabolic rate), 342, 662–663, 674
BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide), 607
Body, of stomach, 625, 625f
Body-fluid compartments, 20–21, 25, 131. See also
Extracellular compartment; Intracellular
compartment
Body growth
age and, 711, 711f
growth hormone and, 687–689
sex and, 711, 711f
Body mass index (BMI), 671–672
Body shape, 671, 682
Body temperature
blood flow and, 474–475
fever and, 497Biomedical research, 4
Biotin, 666, 667t
Bipolar cells, 298, 300–301, 302f, 304, 307
Bipolar limb leads, 428, 430, 430t
Bipolar neurons, 165–166, 166f
Birth control, 322, 733
Bisphosphonates, 693
Bitter taste, 275, 275f, 276
Black lung disease, 536, 546
Bladder. See Urinary bladder
Blastocysts, 737–738, 737f, 739 f
Bleaching reaction, 299
Blind measurements, 3
Blindness
for color, 303
in diabetes mellitus, 681, 685
in dominant retinitis pigmentosa, 300
Blind spots, 294
Blood. See also Plasma
acid-base balance of, 567–569, 567f, 568–569t
arterial, 406
carbon dioxide transport and, 565–567, 566f
classification of, 16
detoxication by liver, 640–641
energy sources in, 123, 125
erythrocytes, 140, 141f, 405, 407–408, 408f
formed elements of, 407–409, 410t
hematopoiesis, 409–412
immune function of, 405
leukocytes, 405, 407, 408–409, 409f
osmolality regulation, 141–142, 141f
oxygen transport and, 559–565, 559f
partial pressure of gases in, 548, 549f, 550, 551f
pH of, 30
platelets, 409, 409f, 414, 415f
transport function of, 131
typing, 412–413, 413f
Blood-borne energy carriers, 120
Blood-brain barrier, 171
Blood cell counts, 409
Blood clot/clotting
anticoagulants, 417t, 418, 423
atherosclerosis and, 437
circulatory system and, 405
clotting factors, 414–417, 416f, 416 t
disorders of, 417, 417t
dissolution of, 417
extrinsic pathway of, 415–417
integrins and, 132
intrinsic pathway of, 415–416
platelets and blood vessel walls in, 414, 415f
positive feedback control and, 8
prostaglandins and, 351, 352, 414, 415f
Blood donation, 412–413
Blood flow
adaptations to training, 470–472, 471–472f
atherosclerosis and, 436–439
body temperature and, 474–475
to brain, 473–474, 474f
emotion and, 475
exercise and, 470–472, 470t, 471–472f, 473 t
extrinsic regulation of, 465–466, 466f, 467 t
to heart, 468–470, 469f
intrinsic regulation of, 467–468
laminar, 479
paracrine regulation of, 466–467
in pulmonary circulation, 551–552
at rest vs. during exercise, 470–472, 470t,
471–472f, 473 t
to skeletal muscles, 470, 470tfox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 5fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 5 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM