Index I-9Depolarization
in action potentials, 172f, 173, 174, 174f
in cardiac potentials, 425–426
diastolic, 425
in muscle contraction, 245
spontaneous, 425
Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition
(DSI), 197, 200
Depression, synaptic, 199, 200, 222–223
Depression (mood), 192
Dermatitis, 526
Dermatophagoides farinae (dust mites), 524–525, 525f
Dermis, 18
Descending colon, 633
Descending limb, in Loop of Henle, 586, 593
Descending tracts, 233, 234t, 235, 235f, 385
Desensitization, to hormones, 322
Desmopressin, 598
Desmosomes, 147
Detoxication of blood, hepatic, 640–641
Detrusor muscle, 584
Deuteranopia, 303
Deuterium, 26
Dexamethasone, 340, 514
Dextrose solutions, 140, 141
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), 666
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), 40, 337
DHEAS (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), 746
DHP (dihydropyridine) receptors, 372–373
DHT (dihydrotestosterone), 706, 708f
Diabetes insipidus, 598
Diabetes mellitus
as autoimmune disease, 521, 522, 522t
complications of, 681, 685
gestational, 346
glycosuria in, 143
hyperglycemia in, 143
hypoglycemia in, 144
juvenile-onset, 681
ketoacidosis caused by, 122
maturity-onset, 681
stress and, 341
symptoms of, 143, 604
type I, 346, 521–522, 522t, 681–682, 682t, 683 f
type II, 346, 382–385, 382t, 384 f
Diacylglycerol (DAG), 328
Dialysate, 134
Dialysis, 134, 134f, 613
Diapedesis (extravasation), 408, 496, 496f
Diaphragm, 536, 541
Diarrhea, 148, 635
Diastole, 420, 422
Diastolic depolarization, 425
Diastolic pressure, 479
Dicer (enzyme), 67
Dichromatic color vision, 303
Dicrotic notch, 424
Diencephalon, 207, 208, 208f, 225–228
Diet and exercise, 439
Differentiation, cellular, 19, 64
Diffusion
dialysis and, 134, 134f
explanation of, 134
facilitated, 132, 143–144, 143–144f
mean time of, 134–135
net, 134
plasma membrane and, 135–136, 135f
rate of, 136
simple, 133
of solutes, 134, 134fCytotoxicity, 506
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. See Killer T lymphocytes
Cytotrophoblast, 741, 741f, 742D
DAG (diacylglycerol), 328
Dale, Henry, 5t
Dalton’s law, 547
Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs),
495, 517
Darifenacin, 258
Dark adaptation, 300–301, 301–302f
Dark current, in photoreceptors, 301, 301–302f
Data, reproducible, 3
Daughter cells, 15, 72, 76, 79, 80f
Da Vinci, Leonardo, 217
D cells, 625
Deacetylation, 64
Dead space, 543–544, 544t
Deafness, 283, 289–290
Deamination, oxidative, 123, 123f
Death, cellular. See Apoptosis
Death ligands, 75
Death receptors, 75
Decibels (dB), 283
Decidua basalis, 742
Decidual reaction, 742
Declarative (explicit) memory, 220, 221t
Decompression sickness, 553
Decussation, 216
Dedifferentiation, of tumor cells, 519
Deep brain stimulation, 216
Deep vein thrombosis, 417, 436
Defecation, 636
Defense mechanisms, 494–502, 494t. See also
Immune system and immunity
Defibrillation, electrical, 441
Deglutition (swallowing), 620, 623
Degranulation, 414, 501
Dehydration, 141–142, 141f
oral rehydration therapy for, 148
physiological response to, 141–142, 141f, 460, 486
renal reabsorption and, 597
urine output and, 590
Dehydration synthesis, 34, 35f
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 40, 337
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 746
Dehydrogenases, 91
Delayed hypersensitivity, 508, 523, 523t, 525–526
Deletion, clonal, 517–518
Delta cells, 677
Delta waves, 214, 214f
Dementia. See Alzheimer’s disease
Demyelinating diseases, 168
Denaturation, of proteins, 43
Dendrites, 12, 163–164, 163–164f
Dendritic cells, 495, 510
Dendritic spines, 200, 223, 223f
Denervation hypersensitivity, 245
Dense bodies, 394
Dense irregular connective tissue, 16
Dense regular connective tissue, 16, 17f
Dentin, 18, 18f
Dentinal tubules, 18
Deoxyhemoglobin, 559, 561
Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA
Deoxyribose, 44–45, 45f
Dephosphorylation, 94Creatine kinase (CK), 379, 380
Creatine phosphate, 379–380, 380f
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), 91t, 92, 379, 380
Creatinine, 601
CREB (cyclic AMP response element binding)
protein, 223
Cremasteric reflex, 705
Cremaster muscles, 705
Crenation, 140, 141f
Cretinism, 343
CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone), 335, 745
Crib death, 558
Crick, Francis, 5t
Crista ampullaris, 280
Cristae, 59
Crohn’s disease, 635
Cross bridges, 367–369, 369–370f
Crossed-extensor reflex, 390, 390f
Crossing-over process, 79, 81f
Cryptorchidism, 705
Crystalline, 292
Crystallizable fragment, of antibody, 504–505, 504f
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), 208
CT (computed tomography), 212, 213t
Cuboidal epithelium, 12, 13t
Cumulus oophorus, 725
Cupula, 281, 281f
Curare, 185, 187t, 190, 256
Cushing’s syndrome, 338, 606
Cutaneous sensations, 268, 270–274, 270t, 271 f,
273–274f, 273 t
CVS (chorionic villi sampling), 742
Cyanide, 115
Cyanocobalamin. See Vitamin B 12
Cyclamate, 276
Cycles per second (cps), 283
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
in cardiac regulation, 426, 452
in cell signaling, 155
enzyme activation by, 94
in hormone action, 327–328, 327f
inactivation of, 328
in metabolic regulation, 686
in neurotransmission, 192
in olfaction, 277
in pancreatic function, 649
as second messenger, 155, 192, 326–328, 328t
Cyclic AMP response element binding (CREB)
protein, 223
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), 198, 301, 328
Cyclin-dependent kinases, 74
Cyclin D proteins, 74–75
Cyclins, 71, 74–75
Cyclohexane, 31f
Cyclooxygenase (COX-1, COX-2), 351, 352
Cysteine, 41f, 43, 122t
Cysteine stones, 584
Cystic duct, 641
Cystic fibrosis, 54, 136
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
(CFTR), 136, 539
Cystometric tests, 584
Cytochrome P450 enzymes, 641
Cytochromes, in electron-transport system, 112
Cytokines, 350, 410, 411, 495, 508, 509t
Cytokinesis, 76
Cytoplasm, 52, 52t, 55, 57–58
Cytosine, 45, 45f, 63
Cytoskeleton, 57–58, 57f
Cytosol, 52, 57fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 9fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 9 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM