Index I-23
exocrine functions of, 16
formation of, 704–705, 704f
pituitary gland and, 727
sex steroid secretion by, 40, 709
Overactive bladder, 258, 584
Overshoot, of membrane potentials, 175
Ovulation, 725–727, 726f, 729–730
Ovum
development of, 725
fertilization of, 702, 704, 734–737, 735–736f
follicles of, 349
Oxaloacetic acid, 122f, 123
Oxidases, 58
Oxidation, 99–101, 101f
b-Oxidation, 120, 121f
Oxidation-reduction reactions, 99–101, 101f
Oxidative deamination, 123, 123f
Oxidative phosphorylation, 59, 112, 115,
115 f, 116
Oxidative stress, 114, 668–669
Oxidized hemoglobin, 559
Oxidizing agent, 100
Oxygen
in aerobic cell respiration, 107, 111, 111f
atomic structure of, 25t
in blood, 467–468, 548, 550, 570–571
cardiac requirements for, 468–469
diffusion of, 135, 135f, 550
dissolved, 548
in electron-transport system, 114–115
in gas exchange, 547–552
hemoglobin affinity for, 572
hyperbaric therapy, 552
maximal uptake of, 379, 382–383
myoglobin affinity for, 565
normal range in blood, 6t
partial pressure of, 547, 548, 549f, 550, 551f
reactive species of, 59, 115, 222, 668–669, 668f
utilization of, 533
Oxygen-carrying capacity, 560
Oxygen debt, 125, 379
Oxygen electrode, 548
Oxygen toxicity, 552
Oxygen transport, 559–565
Oxyhemoglobin, 550, 559, 561–562
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, 561–562,
561–562f, 563 t
Oxytocin
actions of, 333
lactation and, 748
production of, 227
secretion of, 333
transport of, 227
uterine contraction and, 8, 333, 744
P
Pacemaker cells, 392
Pacemaker potentials, 425–426, 425f, 451, 451f
Pacemakers, 441
artificial, 441
cardiac, 392, 425–426, 440, 451f, 452
ectopic, 426, 440
intestinal, 631
in smooth muscles, 394
urinary system, 584
Pacinian corpuscles, 269, 270, 270t
Paget’s disease, 695
PAH (para-aminohippuric acid), 602f, 603
Opsonization, 496, 502, 506
Optical isomers, 32, 32f
Optic chiasma, 306
Optic disc, 294
Optic nerves, 237t
Optic radiation, 308
Optic tectum. See Superior colliculi
Oral cavity, 621
Oral contraceptives, 322, 733
Oral glucose tolerance test, 678–679
Oral phase, of swallowing, 623–624
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT), 148
Orbital, of electrons, 25–26
Orbitofrontal area, 224, 275
Orexin, 232
Organelles, 52, 57
Organic acids, 31, 32f
Organic anion transporters (OATs), 599, 600, 641
Organic cation transporters (OCTs), 599
Organic molecules, 30–33, 31–32f
Organ of Corti, 286–288, 287f
Organophosphate pesticides, 189
Organs. See also specific organs and organ systems
explanation of, 11, 18
stem cells and, 19–20
Organ-specific phagocytes, 495
Organ systems, 20, 20t. See also specific systems
Orgasm, 258, 712
Orgasmic platform, 712
Origin, of skeletal muscle, 360
Orphan receptors, 324
Orthostatic hypotension, 478
ORT (oral rehydration therapy), 148
Oscilloscope, 172–173, 172f
Osmolality
ADH secretion and, 141f, 142, 460, 460f,
596–598, 597f
of blood, 141–142, 141f, 460, 460f, 596–598, 597f
of kidneys, 595, 596, 596f
measurement of, 139–140
Osmoreceptors, 141, 333, 460
Osmosis, 34, 135, 136–137, 137f, 590
Osmotically active solutes, 136
Osmotic diuretics, 611t, 612
Osmotic pressure, 137–138, 138f, 457
Ossicles, middle-ear, 284
Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 695
Osteoblasts, 16, 690
Osteocalcin, 693
Osteoclasts, 690, 691f
Osteocytes, 16–17
Osteomalacia, 695
Osteons, 17
Osteoporosis, 693
Osteoprotegerin, 690, 692
Otic ganglion, 250
Otitis media, 283
Otolithic membrane, 280
Otolith organs, 279, 280, 281f
Otosclerosis, 283
Outer ear, 283, 283f
Outer hair cells, 286–287
Outer segment, of rods and cones, 298
Ova. See Ovum
Oval window, 284
Ovarian cycle, 724–725
Ovarian follicles, 349, 705, 725, 725f, 728 f
Ovaries
cyclic changes in, 728–731
endocrine functions of, 317f, 318 t, 349
Nuclear bag fibers, 386
Nuclear chain fibers, 386
Nuclear envelope, 52t, 62
Nuclear hormone receptors, 323–325, 324f
Nuclear pore complexes, 63
Nuclear pores, 62f, 63
Nuclei, 163, 164t, 209
Nucleic acids, 41, 44–47, 45f. See also DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid); RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
Nucleoli, 52, 63
Nucleolus, 52t, 66
Nucleosomes, 64
Nucleotides, 44–45, 45–46f, 46, 63
Nucleus
arcuate, 672
of atoms, 25
caudate, 215, 391
of cells, 52, 62–63, 62f
lentiform, 215
red, 229, 391
retrotrapezoid, 554
subthalamic, 216, 391
ventrolateral preoptic, 231
Nucleus accumbens, 193, 228
Null hypotheses, 3
Nutritional requirements, 662–669
Nystagmus, vestibular, 282
O
OATs (organic anion transporters), 599, 600, 641
Obesity, 120, 671–672, 682–683
Obligatory water loss, 590, 597
Obscurin, 384
Obstructive disorders, 544
Obstructive sleep apnea, 558
Occipital lobe, 210, 211t, 212
OCTs (organic cation transporters), 599
Oculomotor nerves, 237t, 248, 250
Oddi, sphincter of, 643
Off-center fields, 307
Olfaction. See Smell
Olfactory bulb, 277, 277f, 278
Olfactory nerves, 237t
Olfactory neurons, 209
Olfactory receptors, 209, 274, 275, 276–278, 278f
Oligodendrocytes, 166, 166f, 167 t, 168–169, 168f
Oligosaccharides, 650, 651f
Oligospermia, 722
Oliguria, 510
Olive, superior, 288
Omega-3 fatty acids, 666
Omeprazole (Prilosec), 627
On-center fields, 307
Oncogenes, 67, 75
Oncology. See Cancer
Oncotic pressure, 457
Ondine’s curse, 554
One atmosphere, pressure of, 547
One-molal solutions, 139, 139f
One-molar solutions, 138, 139f
Oocytes, 724, 725
Oogenesis, 725, 727f
Oogonia, 704
Open-angle glaucoma, 293
Ophthalmia, sympathetic, 522, 522t
Opioids, 196–197, 196t, 229
Opsin, 299
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