Index I-27Renal calculi, 584
Renal columns, 582
Renal corpuscle, 586
Renal failure, 613
Renal insufficiency, 613
Renal pelvis, 582
Renal plasma clearance, 598–604, 600f, 601–602t,
602–603f
Renal plasma threshold, 604
Renal pyramids, 582, 586f, 587
Renal vein, 586
Renin, 606–607, 608t
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, 461–462,
462 f, 606
Reperfusion injury, 439
Replication of DNA, 72–74, 73–74f
Repolarization, 173, 175, 426, 428, 430
Reproducible data, 3
Reproductive cloning, 738
Reproductive system
cell concepts related to, 83
embryonic development, 706–707
endocrine regulation of, 708–712
female. See Female reproductive system
functions of, 20t
human life cycle of, 702, 702f
male. See Male reproductive system
metabolism in, 126
prostaglandin actions in, 352
sexual reproduction, 702–708
timetable for development of, 706, 708t
Residual body, 717
Residual volume, 540, 542, 542t
Resistance, to blood flow, 463–465, 464–465f, 464 t
Resistance stage, in stress response, 340
Resistance training, 384
Resistance vessels, 455
Resistin, 671
Resolution phase, of sexual response, 712
Resolving power, of visual system, 296
Resorption, bone, 690–692, 691f
Respiratory acidosis, 568, 568–569t, 569
Respiratory alkalosis, 568, 568–569t, 569
Respiratory assemblies, 115
Respiratory bronchioles, 534
Respiratory complexes, 113
Respiratory component, of acid-base balance, 568–
569, 568–569t
Respiratory control centers, 230, 230f, 231, 553–559,
554–557f
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 540
Respiratory group, 554
Respiratory system, 532–575. See also Ventilation
cell concepts related to, 83
ciliated epithelial cells in, 55
disorders of, 544–546
functions of, 20t
membrane transport in, 157
metabolism in, 126
prostaglandin actions in, 352
structure of, 533–536, 533–536f
thoracic cavity, 536, 537f
Respiratory zone, 534–536, 535f
Rest and digest response, of parasympathetic nervous
system, 251
Restenosis, 469
Resting membrane potential (rmp), 152–153, 152–
153 f, 172–173
Resting sleep, 214
Resting tremor, 391, 391tpurinergic, 198
sensory. See Sensory receptors
tonic, 268, 268–269f
upregulation of, 322
Reciprocal innervation, 389–390, 389f
Recombinant human growth hormone, 690
Recombinant vaccines, 517
Recombination, genetic, 79, 497
Recruitment process, 176, 364, 374
Rectum, 633
Recurrent circuits, 222
Red blood cells. See Erythrocytes
Red cones, 303, 303f
Red fibers, 380
Red-green color blindness, 303
Redness, in inflammation, 502
Red nucleus, 228, 391
Reducing agents, 100
5 a-Reductase, 706, 707
Reduction, 99–101, 101f
Reduction division, 81. See also Meiosis
Referred pain, 272, 439
Reflexes
arc, 238–239, 387
Babinski’s, 235, 391t
baroreceptor, 477–478f, 477–479
cremasteric, 705
crossed-extensor, 390, 390f
defecation, 636
gastroileal, 648
Golgi tendon organs, 389, 389f
guarding, 584
Hering-Breuer, 558
ileogastric, 648
intestinal, 648
intestino-intestinal, 648
knee-jerk, 238, 388, 388f
milk-ejection, 748
neuroendocrine, 333
pupillary, 307
skeletal muscles, 238–239, 387–390, 388–390f, 388 t
stretch, 387–388, 388t, 479
voiding, 584
Refraction, 294, 294–295f
Refractive index, 294
Refractory errors, 297, 297f
Refractory periods, 177, 177f, 428, 428f, 712
Regeneration
of axons, 169, 169f
of liver, 637
of muscle, 384
of neurons, 169, 169f
Regeneration tubes, 169, 169f
Regenerative medicine, 739
Regulatory proteins, 71–72
Regulatory T lymphocytes, 508, 518
Rehydration therapy, 148
Relapse, in drug abuse, 229–230
Relative refractory periods, 177, 177f
Relaxation
isovolumetric, 423
skeletal muscles, 373
smooth muscles, 395
Relaxin, 746
Release channels, calcium, 371
Releasing hormones, 227
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 214–215, 220, 349
Renal artery, 585
Renal autoregulation, 589–590
Renal blood vessels, 585–586, 585fPyramidal neurons, 223, 223f
Pyramidal tract. See Corticospinal tract
Pyramids
in medulla oblongata, 231
renal, 582, 583f
Pyridostigmine, 189
Pyridoxine. See Vitamin B 6
Pyrimidines, 44, 45
Pyrogens, endogenous, 497
Pyrophosphate, 327
Pyruvic acid (pyruvate), 107–108, 109, 118,
122 f, 123
PYY (polypeptide YY), 673Q
QRS waves, 428, 429f
Quadriplegia, 391t
Quantitative measurements, 3, 7–8
Quaternary structure, of proteins, 42f, 43
Quick-acting beta agonists, 545
Quinidine, 426R
Rabeprazole (Aciphex), 627
Radial artery, pulse at, 423–424
Radiation, optic, 308
Radicals
free, 114, 666, 668–669
hydroxyl, 668
nitric oxide, 668
superoxide, 114, 668
Ragweed, 524, 525f
Rami communicantes, 246, 246–247f
Ranibizumab (Lucentis), 435
RANK, 690, 692
RANKL, 690, 692
RANK ligand, 690, 692
Ranvier, nodes of, 168, 179–180
Raphe nuclei, 192
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 214–215, 220, 349
Rapid filling, of ventricles, 423
Rapidly adapting receptors, 558
Rapid stretching, 387
RAS (reticular activating system), 231–232, 231f
Rathke’s pouch, 331
RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), 540
Reabsorption, 143, 147, 459, 590–598, 591f
Reactions. See Chemical reactions
Reactive hyperemia, 468
Reactive hypoglycemia, 685, 685f
Reactive nitrogen species, 668
Reactive oxygen species, 668, 668f
Receptive fields, 272–273, 307
Receptor (generator) potentials, 269, 269f
Receptor-mediated endocytosis, 55
Receptors
antigens, 497–498, 510–511
death, 75
dimerization of, 324
downregulation of, 322
G-protein-coupled, 186–189, 188f, 188 t
olfactory, 209, 274, 275, 276–278, 278f
phasic, 268, 268f
protein, 44, 53–54, 154–155, 182, 323–325, 495
proteins, 44, 55, 154, 183, 253, 317, 321
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