I-26 IndexProteomes, 63
Proteomics, 63
Prothrombin, 416
Proton acceptors, 29
Proton donor, acid as, 29
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), 627
Proton pumps, 113, 115f
Protons, 25
Proto-oncogenes, 75
Proximal convoluted tubules, 586, 590–592, 595t,
603, 603f
Prozac, 192
PRRs (pathogen recognition receptors), 495, 512, 517
Pruritus, receptors for, 271
Pseudoephedrine, 255
Pseudogenes, 276
Pseudohermaphroditism, 706, 707
Pseudopods, 54
Pseudounipolar neurons, 165, 166f
Psilocybin, 192
Psoriasis, 521, 522t, 667
Pterygopalatine ganglion, 250
PTH (parathyroid hormone), 321, 344, 345f, 692, 692f
PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 224
Ptyalin. See Salivary amylase
Puberty, 348, 710–712, 711f, 711 t
Pubic hair, 711, 711t
PubMed website, 4
Pudendal nerve, 584
Pulmonary arteries, 418, 550, 551–552
Pulmonary capillaries, 533–534, 533–534f, 548
Pulmonary circulation, 418–419, 419f, 419 t, 550–552
Pulmonary disorders, 544–546
Pulmonary edema, 551, 572
Pulmonary embolism, 417
Pulmonary fibrosis, 538, 546
Pulmonary function tests, 542–544, 542t, 543–544f
Pulmonary hypertension, 573
Pulmonary receptors, and ventilation, 558–559
Pulmonary semilunar valves, 419–420, 420f
Pulmonary stretch receptors, 558
Pulmonary trunk, 418
Pulmonary veins, 418
Pulmonary ventilation. See Ventilation
Pulp, of tooth, 18, 18f
Pulsatile secretion, 322, 709
Pulse oximeters, 550, 560
Pulse pressure, 481–482
Pumps
calcium, 145, 145f
circulatory. See Heart
hydrogen-potassium ATPase, 626
proton, 113, 115f
skeletal muscle, 435
sodium-potassium, 145–146, 145f, 153, 175–176
Pumps, in active transport, 133, 144–145, 145f
Punishment system, cerebral areas related to,
219–220
Pupillary reflex, 307
Pupils, 290, 291t, 292, 292f
Purinergic receptors, 198
Purines, 44, 45, 196t, 198
Purkinje cells, 195, 230
Purkinje fibers, 425, 426, 427
Pus, 502
Putamen, 215, 391
P waves, 428, 429f
Pyelonephritis, 613
Pyloric region, 625
Pyloric sphincter, 625, 645in placenta, 744, 744f
secretion of, 349
Programmed cell death. See Apoptosis
Prohormones, 320
Proinsulin, 70, 72f, 320
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), 335
Prolactin (PRL), 332, 332t, 746
Prolactin-releasing hormone, 748
Proliferative phase, of endometrium, 731
Proline, 122t
Promoters of genetic transcription, 65
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), 333
Prophase of cell cycle, 76, 77f, 79, 80f, 81 t
Propranolol, 255, 426
Proprioceptors, 230, 268
Prosencephalon. See Forebrain
Prostacyclin, 351, 414
Prostaglandin E 1 , 40f
Prostaglandin E 2 , 40f, 351, 352, 502
Prostaglandin F 1 , 40f
Prostaglandin F 2 , 40f, 352
Prostaglandin I 2 (prostacyclin), 352, 414, 466
Prostaglandins
actions of, 40, 350t, 351–352
in allergy/hypersensitivity, 524, 545
blood clotting and, 352, 414, 415f
blood flow and, 466, 467t, 469
gastrointestinal mucosa and, 628
inhibition of, 352
in local inflammation, 502
structure of, 40, 40f, 351
synthesis of, 351–352, 351f
uterine contractions and, 744, 745f
Prostate, 16, 706, 719
Protamines, 716
Protanopia, 303
Protease enzymes, 71–72
Protease inhibitors, 509
Proteasome, 72
Proteinase, in emphysema, 545, 546
Protein kinase, 94, 192, 327
Protein malnutrition, 689
Proteins. See also Amino acids
antibodies as, 44, 498
caloric value of, 650
composition in body, 43–44, 43t
conjugated, 44
degradation of, 70–72
denaturation of, 43
digestion and absorption of, 651–652, 652f
enzymes as, 44, 71–72, 89
formation of, 41–42
functions of, 44
as hormones, 319
in human genome, 63
integral, 53
metabolism of, 119
normal range in blood, 6t
peripheral, 53
in plasma membrane, 53–54
recommended dietary allowance for, 662, 664t
regulatory, 71–72
secretion of, 70, 71f
structure of, 42–43, 42–43f
synthesis of, 68–72
turnover of, 94
uncoupling, 121, 675, 686, 687
in urine, 588
Proteinuria, 484, 588, 613
Proteoglycans, 132PPIs (proton pump inhibitors), 627
Pre-Bötzinger complex, 554
Precapillary sphincters, 433
Precentral gyrus, 210–211, 233
Precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), 65, 66, 66f
Prednisolone, 340, 514
Prednisone, 340, 514
Preeclampsia, 333, 484
Prefrontal cortex, 221, 224–225
Preganglionic neurons, 244, 244f, 247
Pregnancy
breast changes during, 745
induction of labor in, 333
preeclampsia in, 333, 484
Rh factor and, 413–414
termination of, 738
tests for, 498, 740
Pregnancy tests, 740
Prehormones, 320–321, 320t
Preload, 452
Premature infants, 540
Preproinsulin, 70, 320
Presbycusis, 289
Presbyopia, 295–296
Prescription drugs. See Drugs
Presenilin, 222
Pressure, receptors for, 270
Pressure difference, 464, 464f
Presynaptic axon terminals, 254
Presynaptic inhibition, 201
Presynaptic neurons, 181
Prevacid (lansoprazole), 627
Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia, 247, 248f
Prilosec (omeprazole), 627
Primary active transport, 144–145
Primary adrenal insufficiency, 338
Primary cilium, 55, 586
Primary (essential) hypertension, 482–483
Primary gustatory cortex, 275
Primary hyperaldosteronism, 606
Primary immune response, 515, 515f
Primary lymphoid organs, 499
Primary lysosomes, 58
Primary motor cortex, 233
Primary olfactory cortex, 278
Primary processes, of podocytes, 587
Primary sensory endings, 386
Primary spermatocytes, 716
Primary structure, of proteins, 42, 42f
Primary tissues, 10–18
connective, 14, 16–18, 16–18f
epithelial, 12–16, 13–16f, 13 t
muscle. See Muscles
nervous, 12, 12f
overview, 10–11
Priming effects, of hormones, 322
Principal piece, of spermatozoa, 718
P-R interval, 441
PRL (prolactin), 332, 332t, 746
Probenecid, 600
Probucol, 438
Procainamide, 426
Procaine, 175
Procedural memory, 221t
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
(journal), 3
Products, from chemical reactions, 91
Progesterone
in menstrual cycle, 728–731, 729–730f
in ovulation, 727fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 26fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 26 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM