Index 327ethnography, 105, 117–118
features/examples, 105, 116–119
grading quality of, 130, 134–135
grounded theory, 105, 117–118
narrative inquiry, 105, 117, 119
phenomenology, 105, 117–119
quality improvement. See QI
quantitative research studies, 130, 134–135
quasi-experimental research studies
features/examples, 104, 107–108
grading quality of, 130, 134
Question Development Tool, 49, 55, 64,
81–82, 241–242, 267–272
R
rating hierarchy for research evidence,
130–131, 136
RCTs (randomized controlled trials)
experimental research study design, 104,
106
Level I evidence, 130, 132
reflection
definition of, 19–20
who, what, when, where, and why of
healthcare, 19
RefMan, 92
RefWorks, 92, 94
Registry of Nursing Research, Virginia
Henderson International Nursing Library,
90–91
regulations
CMS (Centers for Medicare& Medicaid
Services), 44
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 44
Nurse Practice Act, 44
reliability measurements for research
evidence, 127–128
report, classic research format, 136, 139
RePORTER: Research Portfolio Online
Reporting Tool, 90–91
research evidence
levels of, 277–279
nurse leaders, recommendation for,
140–141
precision measurements
CI (confidence intervals), 128–129
mean, median, and mode, 128
statistical significance, 128–130
quality of, 131–132
experimental, 104–106, 130, 132–133
meta-analyses, 132
meta-syntheses, 130, 135–136
mixed methods, 105, 121–125
nonexperimental, 105, 108, 124,
134–135
qualitative, 105, 116–121, 124, 130,
134–135
quantitative, 130, 134–135
quasi-experimental, 104, 107–108, 130,
134
rating hierarchy, 130–131, 136
reliability measurements, 127–128
Research Evidence Appraisal Tool,
139–140
Synthesis Process and Recommendations
Tool, 140, 254–256, 301–307
validity measurements, 125
external, 126
internal, construct, 127
internal, content, 126–127
internal, cross-cultural, 127
research studies
versus EBP, 5–7
individual studies
descriptive designs, 105, 108–112
experimental, 104–106
mixed methods, 105, 121–125
nonexperimental (quantitative), 105,
108, 124
predictive designs, 105, 111–112
qualitative, 105, 116–121, 124
quasi-experimental, 104, 107–108
two-dimensional designs, 113–116