Biological Oceanography

(^) The first shows the distribution of samples. Contours on the other maps show the
zones in which each of the 13 species were found. A later study by Frost (1989) of
distributions of the seven species of Pseudocalanus, another genus of small copepods,
gives us patterns not seen in Clausocalanus (Fig. 10.3).
Fig. 10.3 Geographical distribution on a polar projection of the species of the arctic–
subarctic copepod genus Pseudocalanus: , P. minutes; , P. elongates; , P. acuspes;

, P. major; , P. moultoni; Δ, P. newmani; •, P. mimus.
(After Frost 1989.)
Six basic patterns occur in these genera:
(^) Circumglobal, temperate–tropical – all three oceans, excluded only from north of
50°N and south of 45°S:
(^) C. parapergens
(^) C. furcatus
(^) C. paululus
(^) C. mastigophorus
(^) Circumglobal, bi-antitropical^ – all three oceans, excluded from the equatorial
zone, in some cases excluded from the equatorial zone of the Pacific only (the Pacific
Ocean’s tropics are colder than its subtropics, which is not so in the Indian Ocean).