The term “bi-antitropical” refers to living on either side of the equatorial tropics but
not in them.
(^) C. lividus
(^) C. pergens
(^) C. arcuicornis
(^) Indo-Pacific, temperate tropical^ – Indian and Pacific Oceans, absent from Atlantic
Ocean.
(^) C. farrani
(^) C. minor
(^) Circumglobal, Southern Ocean^ – these can be latitudinally restricted to various
degrees:
(^) C. ingens (subantarctic)
C. brevipes (subantarctic/Antarctic)
C. laticeps (subantarctic/Antarctic)
(^) Broadly neritic – patches of suitable habitat scattered near continents:
(^) C. jobei
(^) Arctic Ocean and boreal^ : patterns of varying latitudinal extent in and circling the
Arctic Ocean:
(^) P. major − narrowly restricted to Arctic waters
P. minutus and P. acuspes − ranging from ∼50°N Pacific and Atlantic to
90°N
P. elongatus − strictly Atlantic
P. mimus − strictly Pacific
P. newmani and P. moultoni − both Atlantic and Pacific but not in Arctic
Ocean.
(^) All of these patterns have parallels in other groups. Already, however, we can draw
some generalizations for oceanic biogeography:
(^1) Temperate, tropical, antarctic, and boreal species tend to be distributed in
broad, latitudinal bands across the oceans.
2 Species vary in the width of the latitudinal belt they inhabit. Some are
broadly tolerant; others require a very specific hydrographic regime.
Frequently, if that regime is found in several places around the globe, the
species will be found in many or all of them. Bi-antitropicality and patterns
like that of C. jobei are the basis for this statement.
3 The three major oceans are not the same, and they share some but not all
species. In many cases, there are clear habitat differences explaining the
zones of exclusion. For example, the surface of the equatorial Indian Ocean