Front Matter

Chapter 5 Introduction to Canine Rehabilitation 109

conscious canine patient. Resisted ROM is
motion performed independently through all
or part of the range by the power of the indi­
vidual’s muscles against an opposing force.
The goniometer is used for the precise
measurement of angles created by joints to

gain objective measurement of joint ROM.

Measurements are recorded in degrees and use

specific bony landmarks for each joint (Table 5.3

and Figures 5.1–5.7). There are three parts of the

goniometer: the stable or proximal arm, the

fulcrum or axis, and the moving or distal arm.

(A)(B)

Figure 5.1 (A) Measuring shoulder flexion. (B). Measuring shoulder extension.

Table 5.3 Landmarks for goniometry

Joint Proximal arm Axis Distal arm End feel

Shoulder flexion/

extension (Figure 5.1)

Spine of the scapula Acromion Lateral humeral

epicondyle

Soft or firm/firm

Shoulder abduction

(Figure 5.2)

Spine of the scapula Greater

tubercle

Bisecting the lateral

humerus

Firm

Elbow flexion/extension

(Figure 5.3)

Greater tubercle Lateral

epicondyle

Lateral styloid process Soft or firm/hard

Carpal flexion/extension

(Figure 5.4)

Radial head Lateral styloid Fifth metacarpal Firm/firm

Hip flexion/extension

(Figure 5.5)

Bisecting the iliac

wing

Greater

trochanter

Lateral femoral

condyle

Soft or firm/firm

Stifle flexion/extension

(Figure 5.6)

Greater trochanter Lateral femoral

condyle

Lateral malleolus Soft or firm/firm

Tarsal flexion/extension

(Figure 5.7)

Fibular head Lateral

malleolus

Fifth metatarsal Firm/firm