DEMogRaPhic DEvEloPMENTS iN ThE MENa REgioN 227
Figure 7.3 Demographic factors in the decision to migrate
St ate, institutionsGDP
Social securi tyOther factors (l and, water)Income in homecountry
Ex
pected income in destination countryChance of findingwork
So
cial tra nsfer paymentsEducationRemittancesBe
nefits of migra ting
Non-materi al
benefits
Costs of migra tingNon-materi al costsCosts of moving, visiting homeDiffere ntial costs oflivingOpport unity costsExpected benefit of migra tionContacts to
destination country
DistanceEducation, mediaInformationPerc eived benefit of migra tion Migra tion decisionDemogra phic developmentin home countryDemogra phic development in destinationcountrySource: author
The geographical proximity of Europe and the MENA countries has led
to the emergence of continuous migration links, amongst others between
Turkey and Germany and between the Maghreb and France. Considerable
emigration and immigration movements may be found anew every year,