Migration from the Middle East and North Africa to Europe Past Developments, Current Status, and Future Potentials (Amsterdam..

58 Hein de Haas

for immigrant labour in agriculture, construction and the informal service
sector. Spain is now a more important destination country than France. After
the guest-worker migration of the 1960s and 1970s to North-Western Europe,
Morocco witnessed a remarkable second wave of primary labour migration
to Southern Europe in the 1990s and 2000s – this in stark contrast to Turkey.

Figure 1.10 Immigration of Turkish, Moroccan and Egyptian nationals
to France, 1994–2003

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1994199519961997199819992000200120022003

Immigration by nationality (1994 = 100%)

Turkey

Morocco

Egypt

Source: INED, France

Figure 1.11 Yearly migration of Moroccan and Turkish nationals to Spain,
1988–2005

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

0

50

100

150

200

250

198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005

Turkey Morocco

Turkey

Morocco

Source: Spanish Statistical Office