The Turing Guide

496 | NOTES TO PAGES 143–167

CHAPTER 14 TUNNy, HITlER’S BIGGEST fISH (COPElAND)

1. The principal sources for this chapter are my conversations with T. H. Flowers during 1996–98,
   and the ‘General report on Tunny’, written at Bletchley Park in 1945 by Tunny-breakers I. J. Good,
   D. Michie, and G. Timms, and released by the British government to the National Archives in
   2000: NA HW25/4 (Vol. 1) and HW25/5 (Vol. 2). A digital facsimile is available in The Turing
   Archive for the History of Computing (http://www.AlanTuring.net/tunny_report). A more detailed
   treatment of the attack on Tunny appears in Copeland et al. (2006) and Turing (Copeland 2012),
   Chapter 7.


2. See Note 1.


3. F. L. Bauer, ‘The Tiltman break’, in Copeland et al. (2006), p. 372.


4. Turingery is described in full in Copeland ‘Turingery’, in Copeland et al. (2006), pp. 379–85.


5. W. T. Tutte, ‘My work at Bletchley Park’, in Copeland et al. (2006), p. 360.


6. Tutte’s method is described in Copeland et al. (2006), pp. 66–71 and 363–5 (by Tutte himself ).


7. Max Newman’s estimate, in an interview with Christopher Evans in ‘The pioneers of computing: an
   oral history of computing’, Science Museum, London.


8. Turing (1936).


9. The definitive biographical article on Newman is ‘Max Newman—mathematician, codebreaker,
   and computer pioneer’, by his son William, in Copeland et al. (2006), Chapter 14. Much additional
   information about Newman is to be found in the same book, especially in Chapters 4, 5, 9, and 13;
   Chapter 13, entitled ‘Mr Newman’s section’, includes material by five of Newman’s wartime engineers
   and computer operators.


10. H. Fensom, ‘How Colossus was built and operated—one of its engineers reveals its secrets’, in
    Copeland et al. (2006), p. 298.


11. Flowers in an interview with Copeland (Note 1).


12. Ken Myers interviewed by Copeland, 13 June 2014.


13. Du Boisson writing in Copeland et al. (2006), p. 172.


14. Caughey writing in Copeland et al. (2006), p. 165.


15. H. Currie, ‘An ATS girl in the Testery’, in Copeland et al. (2006), p. 268.


16. Alan M. Turing (S. Turing 1959), p. 67.


17. ‘Max Newman—mathematician, codebreaker, and computer pioneer, (Note 9), p. 177.


18. H. H. Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, Princeton University Press (1972),
    p. 150.


19. Flowers in Copeland et al. (2006), p. 107.


20. See, for example, J. von Neumann, ‘The NORC and problems in high speed computing’ (1954), in
    A. H. Taub (ed.), Collected Works of John von Neumann, Vol. 5, Pergamon Press (1963), pp. 238–9.


21. C. G. Bell and A. Newell, Computer Structures: Readings and Examples, McGraw-Hill (1971), p. 42.


22. Myers interviewed by Copeland, 13 June 2014.


23. M. Campbell-Kelly, ‘The ACE and the shaping of British computing’ in Copeland et  al. (2005),
    p. 151.

CHAPTER 15 wE wERE THE wORlD’S fIRST COmPUTER OPERATORS
(IRElAND)

There are no notes for this chapter.

CHAPTER 16 THE TESTERy: BREAkING HIlTER’S mOST SECRET CODE
(ROBERTS)

1. A detailed account of the work of the Testery can be found in J. Roberts ‘Major Tester’s section’, in
   Copeland et al. (2006).