The Turing Guide

508 | NOTES TO PAGES 260–267

it performs’. MSS Buxton (Note 20), quoted in Collier (Note 4), p.  178. Both these views pre-date

Lovelace’s.

26. Turing (1950), p. 455.


27. B. Randell, ‘From Analytical Engine to electronic digital computer: the contributions of Ludgate,
    Torres, and Bush’, Annals of the History of Computing, 4(4) (1982), 327–41.


28. I. B. Cohen, ‘Babbage and Aiken’, Annals of the History of Computing, 10(3) (1988), 171–91, on p. 180.


29. N. Metropolis and J. Worlton, ‘A trilogy of errors in the history of computing’, Annals of the History of
    Computing, 2(1) (1980), 49–59.


30. Cohen (Note 28).


31. Hodges (1983), p. 297.


32. The Essential Turing, p. 29.


33. Metropolis and Worlton (Note 29), pp. 52–3.


34. A. Lovelace (Note 15).


35. Bromley (Note 6).


36. D. Lardner, ‘Babbage’s Calculating Engine’, Edinburgh Review, 59 (1834), 263–327; reprinted in
    M. Campbell-Kelly (Note 5), Vol. 2, 118–86.


37. A. G. Bromley, The Babbage Papers in the Science Museum: a Cross-referenced List, Science
    Museum (1991).


38. The main scholars active in the revival of interest in Babbage in the modern era include Bruce Collier,
    Allan G. Bromley, and Maurice Wilkes. See B. Collier (Note 4); A. G. Bromley, ‘Charles Babbage’s
    Analytical Engine, 1838’, Annals of the History of Computing, 4(3) (1982), 196–217; A. G. Bromley
    (Note 12) and ‘Babbage’s Analytical Engine, Plans 28 and 28a – the programmer’s interface’, IEEE
    Annals of the History of Computing, 22(4) (2000), 4–19; M. V. Wilkes, ‘Babbage as a computer pioneer’,
    British Computer Society and the Royal Statistical Society (1971).


39. L. H. Dudley Buxton, ‘Charles Babbage and his Difference Engines’, Transactions of the Newcomen
    Society, 14 (1933–4), 43–65. I am indebted to Tim Robinson for reminding me of the existence and
    timing of this paper.


40. Buxton (Note 20).


41. Buxton (Note 39), for discussants see pp. 59–64.


42. Hodges (1983), p. 446 (Note 31).


43. Hodges (1983), p. 109 (Note 31).


44. Turing (1950), p. 455.


45. D. R. Hartree, Calculating Instruments and Machines, University of Illinois Press (1949), pp. 69–73.


46. R. Gandy, ‘The confluence of ideas in 1936’, in R. Herken (ed.), The Universal Turing Machine: a Half-
    Century Survey, Oxford University Press (1988), p. 60.

CHAPTER 25 INTEllIGENT mACHINERy (COPElAND)

1. Turing (1948) [also Intelligent Machinery: a Report by A. M. Turing, National Physical Laboratory
   (1948), in the Woodger Archive; a digital facsimile is available in The Turing Archive for the History of
   Computing (http://www.AlanTuring.net/intelligent_machinery)].


2. Turing (1951), p. 484.


3. This view was first put forward in Copeland, ‘Artificial Intelligence’, in The Essential Turing.


4. Copeland (Note 3), pp. 354–55; see also Turing (Copeland 2012), pp. 191–2.


5. Turing (1940), p. 335.


6. Michie in interview with Copeland, October 1995; Good in interview with Copeland, February 2004.


7. Michie interview (Note 6).


8. Turing (1947).


9. Turing (1947), p. 391.


10. Turing (1950).


11. Turing (1950), p. 460.


12. Turing (1950), p. 460.