The Turing Guide

NOTES TO PAGES 267–275 | 509

13. Turing (1950), p. 460 and (1947), p. 393.


14. Turing (1950), p. 463.


15. Turing (1948), p. 420.


16. Turing (1948), p. 420.


17. Turing (1950), pp. 460–1.


18. Michael Woodger, reported by Michie and Meltzer, in B. Meltzer and D. Michie (eds), Machine
    Intelligence 5, Elsevier (1970), p. 2.


19. Michie in interview with Copeland, February 1998.


20. Turing (1950), p. 449.


21. R. A. Brooks, ‘Intelligence without reason’, in L. Steels and R. Brooks (eds), The Artificial Life Route to
    Artificial Intelligence: Building Situated Embodied Agents, Lawrence Erlbaum (1994).


22. In Turing (1948) and (1950), and Turing et al. (1952).


23. For more detail about the meaning of the condition ‘if the judges are mistaken often enough’, see my
    introduction to ‘Computing machinery and intelligence’ in The Essential Turing, pp. 435–6, and B.
    J. Copeland, ‘The Turing test’, in J. H. Moor (ed.) The Turing Test: the Elusive Standard of Artificial
    Intelligence, Kluwer (2003), p. 527.


24. Turing (1950), p. 442.


25. Turing (1950), p. 442.


26. Turing et al. (1952), p. 495.


27. Turing et al. (1952), p. 495.


28. See further Copeland, ‘The Turing Test’ (Note 23), p. 18, and Turing (Copeland 2012), p. 205.


29. Turing (1950), p. 452.


30. Turing (1950) p. 441.


31. Turing (1950) p. 441.


32. Turing et al. (1952), p. 495.


33. Turing (1950), p. 449.


34. Turing (1951), pp. 485, 486.


35. Turing (1950) p. 449.


36. Turing et al. (1952), p. 495.


37. M. Davis, ‘Foreword to the Centenary Edition’, in S. Turing, Alan M. Turing: Centenary Edition,
    Cambridge University Press (2012), p. xvi.


38. The Washington Post, ‘A bot named “Eugene Goostman” passes the Turing test . . . kind of ’ (9 June
    2014) (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/compost/wp/2014/06/09/a- bot-named-eugene-goos
    tman-passes-the-turing-test-kind-of/).


39. BBC News, ‘Computer AI passes Turing test in “world first” ’ (9 June 2014) (http://www.bbc.com/
    news/technology-27762088).


40. University of Reading, ‘Turing test success marks milestone in computing history’ (8 June 2014)
    (http://www.reading.ac.uk/news-and-events/releases/PR583836.aspx).


41. See, for example, A. Hodges, Alan Turing: the Enigma, Vintage (1992), p. 415, and R. French, ‘The
    Turing test: the first 50 years’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4 (2000), 115–22, p. 115.


42. Turing et al. (1952), p. 494.


43. Turing et al. (1952), p. 494.


44. See, for example, N. Block, ‘Psychologism and behaviorism’, Philosophical Review, 90 (1981), 5–43.


45. N. Block, ‘The mind as the software of the brain’ in E. E. Smith and D. N. Osherson (eds), An
    Introduction to Cognitive Science, 2nd edn, Vol. 3, MIT Press (1995), p. 381.


46. Searle first presented his famous Chinese room thought experiment in J. R. Searle, ‘Minds, brains, and
    programs’, Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 3 (1980), 417–24, 450–6, and also in J. R. Searle, Minds,
    Brains and Science: the 1984 Reith Lectures, Penguin (1989); see also J. Preston and M. Bishop (eds)
    Views Into the Chinese Room, Oxford University Press (2002).


47. For further discussion of Searle’s Chinese room argument, see B. J. Copeland, Artificial Intelligence,
    Blackwell (1993), Chapter 6, and B. J. Copeland, ‘The Chinese Room from a logical point of view’, in
    Preston and Bishop (Note 46).