510 | NOTES TO PAGES 278–289
CHAPTER 26 TURING’S mODEl Of THE mIND (SPREVAk)
- Turing (1950), Turing et al. (1952), Turing (1948), Turing (1950), and Turing (c.1951).
- Turing (1951) and Turing (1948).
- Turing (1948), pp. 420, 412.
- Letter from Turing to W. Ross Ashby (no date), Woodger Archive, M11/99; a digital facsimile is in The
Turing Archive for the History of Computing (http://www.AlanTuring.net/turing_ashby/). - Turing (1950).
- Turing (1936), p. 59.
- Turing (1936), pp. 75–6.
- H. Putnam, ‘Minds and machines’ and ‘The mental life of some machines’, in Mind, Language and Reality:
Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press (1975), 362–87 and 408–28, respectively. - H. Putnam, ‘Philosophy and our mental life’ , in Mind, Language and Reality: Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2,
Cambridge University Press (1975), 291–303. - See A. Clark, ‘Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science’,
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36 (2013), 181–253. - D. C. Dennett, Consciousness Explained, Little, Brown & Company (1991).
- See A. Zylberberg, S. Dehaene, P. R. Roelfsema, and M. Sigman, ‘The human Turing machine: a neural
framework for mental programs’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15 (2011), 293–300, and J. Feldman,
‘Symbolic representation of probabilistic worlds’, Cognition, 123 (2012), 61–83.
CHAPTER 27 THE TURING TEST—fROm EVERy ANGlE (PROUDfOOT)
- University of Reading, ‘Turing Test success marks milestone in computing history’ (8 June 2014)
(http://www.reading.ac.uk/news-and-events/releases/PR583836.aspx); Kevin Warwick, quoted in
the University of Reading press release; A. Griffin, ‘Turing Test breakthrough as super-computer
becomes first to convince us it’s human’, The Independent (8 June 2014); ‘Turing Test bested, robot
overlords creep closer to assuming control’, International Business Times (9 June 2014); M. Masnick,
‘No, a “supercomputer” did NOT pass the Turing test for the first time and everyone should know
better’, Techdirt (9 June 2014); Stevan Harnad quoted in I. Semple and A. Hern, ‘Scientists dispute
whether computer “Eugene Goostman” passed Turing test’, The Guardian (9 June 2014); A. Mann,
‘That computer actually got an F on the Turing test’, Wired (9 June 2014); G. Marcus, ‘What comes
after the Turing test?’, The New Yorker (9 June 2014). - Turing (1948), p. 431.
- Turing (1945), p. 389.
- A. Newell, J. C. Shaw, and H. A. Simon, ‘Chess-playing programs and the problem of complexity’, in
E. A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman (eds), Computers and Thought, MIT Press (1995), 39–70 (originally
published in 1963 by McGraw-Hill); this is a reprint of their article in the IBM Journal of Research and
Development, 2(4) (1958), 320–35. - The words ‘hope of humanity’ are from S. Levy, ‘Man vs. machine’, Newsweek (5 May 1997), p. 5;
Kasparov in an interview with Daniel Sieberg ‘Kasparov: “Intuition versus the brute force of calcula-
tion” ’, CNNAccess (10 February 2003) (http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/fun.games/02/08/cnna.
kasparov); R. Wright, ‘Can machines think?’, Time Magazine, 147(13) (25 March 1996). - Kasparov’s words are taken from the following: Garry Kasparov, in Vikram Jayanti’s 2003 documen-
tary film Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine, available at: http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/
game-over-kasparov-and-the-machine/; ICC Kasparov Interview (22 November 1998), available
at: http://www6.chessclub.com/resources/articles/interview_kasparov.html; G. Kasparov, How Life
Imitates Chess: Making the Right Moves, from the Board to the Boardroom, Bloomsbury Publishing
(2008), p. 161; Kasparov in Game Over; G. Kasparov, ‘IBM owes mankind a rematch’, Time Magazine,
149(21) (26 May 1997). - M. Gardner, ‘Kasparov’s defeat by Deep Blue’, in A Gardner’s Workout: Training the Mind and
Entertaining the Spirit, A. K. Peters (2001), p. 98.