NOTES TO PAGES 316–323 | 515
- Turing (1950), pp. 460–1; Turing (c.1951), p. 473.
- Turing (1947), p. 393; Turing (1950), p. 458; Turing (c.1951), p. 473; Turing (1947), p. 393; Turing et al.
(1952), p. 497. - Turing (1948), pp. 416, 424; Turing (1950), p. 460.
- Turing (1948), pp. 418, 424, 422.
- Turing (1948), p. 425; Turing (1950), p. 461; Turing (1948), p. 426.
- Anthony Oettinger in an interview with Jack Copeland (January 2000).
- Letter from Oettinger to Copeland (19 June 2000); A. Oettinger, ‘Programming a digital computer to
learn’, Philosophical Magazine, 43 (1952), 1243–63, p. 1247. - See further B. J. Copeland and D. Proudfoot, ‘Turing and the computer’, in Copeland et al. (2005),
107–48, p. 126. - Letter from Christopher Strachey to Turing (15 May 1951) in the King’s College Archive. This letter is
quoted courtesy of the Camphill Village Trust. - D. Michie, ‘Recollections of early AI in Britain: 1942–1965’ (2002), transcript of talk given by Donald
Michie at the Computer Conservation Society’s Artificial Intelligence: Recollections of the Pioneers
seminar on 11 October 2002, The Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute (http://www.aiai.
ed.ac.uk/events/ccs2002/CCS-early-british-ai-dmichie.pdf ); D. Michie, ‘The Turing Institute: an
experiment in cooperation’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 14(2) (1989), 117–19, p. 118; D. Michie,
‘Edinburgh will set the pace’, The Scotsman (17 February 1966), p. 11. - MENACE was reported in D. Michie, ‘Trial and error’, in S. A. Barnett and A. McLaren (eds), Science
Survey 1961: Part 2, Penguin (1961), 129–45; reprinted in D. Michie, On Machine Intelligence, 2nd
edn, Ellis Horwood (1986), 11–23. The first FREDDY robot was built in 1969 and reported in H. G.
Barrow and S. H. Salter, ‘Design of low-cost equipment for cognitive robot research’, in B. Meltzer and
D. Michie (eds), Machine Intelligence 5, Edinburgh University Press (1969), 555–66. - D. Michie, ‘Strong AI: an adolescent disorder’, Informatica, 19 (1995), 461–8.
- D. Michie, ‘Return of the imitation game’ [revised version], Linköping Electronic Articles in Computer
and Information Science, 6(28) (2001), 1–17, on pp. 1, 4, 6, 7, 17. Michie and Claude Sammut’s con-
versational program ‘Sophie’ (at one time installed at the Sydney Powerhouse Museum) established
rapport with a human user, switching from ‘goal mode’, where the program provided information
about the exhibits, to ‘chat mode’ where the program’s responses prompted the user to speak about
themselves (ibid. p. 8). - Turing (1950), p. 460; Turing (1948), p. 421.
- Turing (c.1951), pp. 474–5.
- Turing (1948), pp. 428, 416, 428, 427, 428; Turing (1950), p. 461; Turing et al. (1952), pp. 428, 497.
- Turing (1948), p. 428.
- Turing (1948), p. 420; Turing (c.1951), p. 473; Turing (1950), pp. 460–1; Turing (1948), p. 421.
- Turing (1948), p. 420. On ‘infest the countryside’ see B. Meltzer and D. Michie (eds) (Note 15), p. B;
Turing (1948), pp. 420–1. - http://news.mit.edu/1998/cog-0318.
- Turing (c.1951), p. 473; Turing (1950), p. 462.
- Personal communication from Javier Movellan.
- Personal communication from Javier Movellan; the research on reaching behaviour is due to Dan
Messinger and Tingfan Wu. - Turing (1951), p. 486.
- The discussion of social robots in this and the following section is drawn from the discussion that I
gave in D. Proudfoot, ‘Can a robot smile? Wittgenstein on facial expression’, in T. P. Racine and K. L.
Slaney (eds), A Wittgensteinian Perspective on the Use of Conceptual Analysis in Psychology, Palgrave
Macmillan (2013), 172–94. - Turing (1950), p. 442.
- See T. Wu, N. J. Burko, P. Ruvulo, M. S. Bartlett, and J. R. Movellan, ‘Learning to make facial expres-
sions’, 2009 IEEE 8th International Conference on Development and Learning, available at: https://
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Javier_Movellan/publication/228395247_Learning_to_makefacial
expressions/links/0deec5227d33038e6c000000.pdf.