516 | NOTES TO PAGES 323–331
- Turing et al. (1952), p. 486.
- Personal communication from Javier Movellan; the research on smiling is due to Dan Messinger and
Paul Ruvolo. - Michie, it seems, believed that rapport is a psychological state, and that it suffices if the human
observer feels rapport with the machine: see Michie (Note 17), p. 8. - On Turing’s conception of intelligence, see D. Proudfoot, ‘Anthropomorphism and AI: Turing’s much
misunderstood imitation game’, Artificial Intelligence, 175(5–6) (2011), 950–7; D. Proudfoot, ‘A new
interpretation of the Turing test’, The Rutherford Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science and
Te c h n o l o g y, 1 (2005) (http://rutherfordjournal.org/article010113.html); D. Proudfoot, ‘Rethinking
Turing’s test’, Journal of Philosophy, 110(7) (2013), 391–411. - Turing (1948), pp. 411, 431.
- Turing (1950), p. 461; C. Breazeal, ‘Regulating human–robot interaction using “emotions”, “drives”
and facial expressions’, Proceedings of the 1998 Autonomous Agents Workshop, Agents in Interaction—
Acquiring Competence Through Imitation, Minneapolis (1998), 14–21, available at: http://robotic.
media.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2015/01/Breazeal-Agents-98.pdf. - C. Breazeal, Sociable Machines: Expressive Social Exchange Between Humans and Robots, DSc dis-
sertation, MIT (2000) (http://groups.csail.mit.edu/lbr/mars/pubs/phd.pdf ), p. 190. - Rodney Brooks, interviewed in E. Guizzo and E. Ackermann, ‘The rise of the robot worker’, IEEE
Spectrum, 49(10) (2012), 34–41, p. 41. - On anthropomorphism in AI, see Proudfoot (2011) (Note 35).
- Turing (1948), p. 429: Turing said that we could also produce initiative in a machine by beginning
with a ‘fully disciplined’ (that is, programmed) machine, rather than an unorganized machine, and
allowing it to make more and more ‘choices’ (Turing (1948), pp. 429–30). - Turing (1950), p. 453; Turing (c.1951), p. 474; Turing (1948), p. 429.
- Turing (1947), p. 394. For more on Turing’s view that a machine can be the ultimate origin of its behav-
iour, see D. Proudfoot, ‘Turing and free will: a new take on an old debate’, in J. Floyd and A. Bokulich
(eds), Philosophical Explorations of the Legacy of Alan Turing, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and
History of Science (in press). - Turing (1951), p. 486; Turing et al. (1952), p. 495.
CHAPTER 31 COmPUTER CHESS—THE fIRST mOmENTS (COPElAND AND
PRINz)
- Golombek quoted in A. G. Bell, The Machine Plays Chess?, Pergamon (1978), p. 15.
- Letter from A. C. Pigou to Sara Turing (26 November 1956), King’s College Archive, catalogue refer-
ence A 10. - J. W. von Goethe, Gotz von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand, 1773, Act 2, Scene 1, in Goethes Werke,
Vol. 8, Böhlau, p. 50. With thanks to Klaus Weimar and Giovanni Sommaruga for advice concerning
the English equivalent of Goethe’s ‘ein Probirstein des Gehirns’. - Michie interviewed by Copeland, February 1998.
- Good interviewed by Copeland, February 2004.
- Michie interviewed by Copeland, October 1995.
- J. von Neumann, ‘Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele’ [On the theory of games], Mathematische
Annalen, 100 (1928), 295–320. - Good quoted in Bell (Note 1), p. 14.
- Turing (1945), p. 389.
- B. J. Copeland and G. Sommaruga, ‘The stored-program universal computer: did Zuse anticipate
Turing and von Neumann?’ in G. Sommaruga and T. Strahm, Turing’s Revolution, Birkhauser/
Springer (2015). - Turing (1947), p. 393.
- Turing (1948), p. 431.
- Extract from a letter that Champernowne wrote to Computer Chess, 4 (January 1980), 80–1.