Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement, 104 ; and Williamson, Sir John Hawkins:
The Time and the Man(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927 ), 32 – 62 , esp. 40.
Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement, 113. On the economic transformations
linked to the East India Company, see Valerie Forman, “Transformations of Value and the
Productionn of ‘Investment’ in the Early History of the East India Company,” Journal of
Medieval and Early Modern Studies 34 , no. 3 ( 2004 ):611–41.
Craton, 56.
Williamson, Short History, 162 – 63 ; and Craton, 56.
For an historical overview of England’s Atlantic history, see especially Armitage,
ed.,The British Atlantic World. Additional studies of the evolution of the slave trade in-
clude Craton; Rawley; Gary B. Nash, Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America
( 1974 ; Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982 ); Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in
Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa( 1983 ; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995 );
and Robin Blackburn, “The Old World Background to European Colonial Slavery,”
William and Mary Quarterly, 3 rd ser., 54 , no. 1 (Janurary 1997 ): 65 – 102. See also Philip D.
Beidler and Gary Taylor, eds., Writing Race Across the Atlantic World: Medieval to Modern
(New York: Palgrave, 2005 ).
Rawley, 24.
Curtin et al., African History, 184 ; and Rawley, 24 – 28.
Williamson, Sir John Hawkins, 3 – 31 , esp. 19 ; and Craton, 30.
On Hawkins’s failure, see Andrews, “The English in the Caribbean 1560 – 1620,” in
The Westward Enterprise, ed. K. R. Andrews et al. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press,
1979 ), 103 – 23 ; see also Walter Cohen, “The Undiscovered Country: Shakespeare and Mer-
cantile Geography,” in Howard and Shershow, eds., 129 – 31 , on England’s faltering “Amer-
ican initiatives” ( 131 ).
Karen Ordahl Kupperman, “The Beehive as a Model for Colonial Design,” in
Kupperman, ed., America in European Consciousness, 272 – 92 ; see also Andrews, Trade,
Plunder and Settlement, 101 – 15.
Carole Shammas, “English Commercial Development and American Coloniza-
tion, 1560 – 1620 ” in Andrews et al., eds., 173.
See C. F. Beckingham, “The Near East: North and North-east Africa” ( 176 – 89 );
P. E. Hair, “Morocco, the Saharan Coast, and the Neighbouring Atlantic islands” ( 190 – 96 );
and “Guinea” ( 197 – 207 ) in The Hakluyt Handbook, vol. 1 , ed. D. B. Quinn (London: Hak-
luyt Society, 1974 ); and also Williamson, “Richard Hakluyt,” in Richard Hakluyt & His
Successors, ed. Edward Lynam (London: Hakluyt Society, 1946 ),9–46.
Some of the narratives also give attention to the French, whose presence was not
as pervasive or imposing as that of these other competitors.
From the table of contents of a facsimile of the first edition: Richard Hakluyt, The
Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, vol. 1 , ed. David Beers
Quinn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965 ).
Compare Armitage, “The New World,” 52 – 75 , and Peter Burke, “America and the
Rewriting of World History,” in Kupperman, ed., America in European Consciousness, 33 – 51 ,
who sees America having only a “minor place in European historical consciousness” ( 37 ).
