(London: Mackie & Co., 1902 ), 16 – 17. Because the spelling of “blackamoor” varies from
text to text, I will use “blackamoor” unless I am quoting a particular text.
3 .Acts of the Privy Council, 20 – 21.
4. Quoted in Jones, The Elizabethan Image of Africa, 20. See also “Licensing Casper
van Senden to Deport Negroes” ( 1601 ), in Tudor Royal Proclamations,1588–1603, ed. J. L.
Hughes and J. F. Larkin (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1969 ), 221.
5. Laura Hunt Yungblut, Strangers Settled Here Amongst Us: Policies, Perceptions and
the Presence of Aliens in Elizabethan England(London: Routledge, 1996 ). See also John
Michael Archer, Citizen Shakespeare: Freemen and Aliens in the Language of the Plays (New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 ).
6. Harris, Sick Economies, 62 – 71.
7. Yungblut, 89 , 91.
8. From the 1601 proclamation.
9. Michael Neill’s model of an imbalance between nation- and race-based identities
has been helpful; see Putting History to the Question, 269 – 84.
10. Habib, 92. See also Burton, “ ‘A most wily bird’: Leo Africanus, Othelloand the
trafficking in difference,” in Loomba and Orkin, eds., 56 ; Hall, 14 ; Ian Smith, “Barbarian
Errors: Performing Race in Early Modern England,” Shakespeare Quarterly49,no. 2( 1998 ):
168 – 86 , esp. 184,and “Those ‘slippery customers,’ ” 45 – 58 ; Little, 16 , 73 – 74 ; Royster,
438 – 39 ; Gretchen Gerzina, Black London: Life Before Emancipation (New Brunswick, N.J.:
Rutgers University Press, 1995 ), 3 – 4 ; Virginia Mason Vaughan, Othello: A Contextual His-
tory(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 ), 58 ; and Jones, Elizabethan Image, 20.
11. Wheeler, The Complexion of Race, 2 (see also 9 , 15 – 17 ); Neill, Putting History to the
Question, 275 (see also 268 – 84 ). Compare Loomba, “ ‘Local-manufacture made-in-India
Othello fellows’: Issues of Race, Hybridity and Location in Post-colonial Shakespeares,” in
Loomba and Orkin, eds., 149 , and “ ‘Delicious traffick’: Racial and Religious Difference on
Early Modern Stages,” in Alexander and Wells, eds., 203 – 34 ; and Callaghan, Shakespeare
Without Women, 78.
12. See Andrews’s excellent study of the war and the ventures, Elizabethan Privateering.
13 .Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain(London: Pluto Press, 1984 ),
12 ; emphasis added.
14. Gerzina, 5.
15. In discussing the second letter, Fryer notes that only eighty-nine blacks are in-
volved, but he nonetheless evaluates Elizabeth’s agenda as more sweeping.
16. For instance, Little, 73 ; Callaghan, Shakespeare Without Women, 75 ; Hall, 14.
17. Matar, Turks, Moors, and Englishmen, 7.
18. Hall, 118.
19. Patricia Parker has explored some of these resonances in a paper, “Sound Govern-
ment: Morals, Murals, and More,” presented at the World Shakespeare Congress, Valen-
cia, Spain, April 19, 2001. See also Neill, Putting History to the Question, 365 – 65.
20 .Acts of the Privy Council, 16 – 17 ; emphasis added.
21. On this voyage and its place in the war, see Wallace T. MacCaffrey, Elizabeth I:
War and Politics, 1588–1603(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992 ), 107 – 34 ;
214 notes to pages 100–104