Julian S. Corbett, Drake and the Tudor Navy: With a History of the Rise of England as a Mar-
itime Power, 2 vols. ( 1898 ; Aldershot, U.K.: Gower, 1988 ) 2 : 375 – 409 ; and Andrews, Drake’s
Voyages: A Re-assessment of Their Place in Elizabethan Maritime Expansion(New York:
Charles Scribners’ Sons, 1967 ), 158 – 79 , and Elizabethan Privateering, 174 – 75.
22. See The Last Voyage of Drake & Hawkins, ed. Andrews (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1972 ), 16 , 45. This collection on the voyage contains documents not in-
cluded in Hakluyt, from both English and Spanish sources.
23. On these strategies, see The Last Voyage, 5.
24. The letter of “Drake and Hawkins to the queen, 16 August 1595 ,” in The Last Voy-
age, 32. An account in Hakluyt gives the amount as “three millions of ducats or five and
thirty tunnes of silver” ( 10 : 231 ). On the changing plans, see MacCaffrey, Elizabeth I,
108 – 14.
25. Andrews, Drake’s Voyages, 172.
26. For the full account, see Hakluyt, 10 : 226 – 45.
27. See the “Report by Migual Ruiz Delduayen,” in The Last Voyage, 218.
28. Andrews, Drake’s Voyages, 178 ; see also Elizabethan Privateering, 175. For a survey
of historians’ evaluations of the voyage, see The Last Voyage, 7 – 9.
29. Andrews, Drake’s Voyages, 178.
30. See Hakluyt, 10 : 226 – 45. On Drake’s death, see Corbett, 399 – 400 ; and Andrews,
Drake’s Voyages, 177.
31. Hakluyt, 10 : 264. On the mistranslation, see Corbett, 406 – 7. Hakluyt notes only
one word that was “mistaken” ( 10 : 256 ).
32. Hakluyt, 10 : 265.
33. Corbett, 396.
34 .The Last Voyage, 212. For other references to Negroes fighting for the Spanish, see
The Last Voyage, 12 , 224 , and 227.
35. “Antoneli’s report on the defences of certain places in the West Indies, 1587 ,” in
The Last Voyage, 196 ; in Hakluyt, see 10 : 135 – 56.
36 .The Last Voyage, 192 ; see also 212. Contreras is the only one to note that the group
included women.
37. “Thomas Maynarde’s narrative,” in The Last Voyage, 94 ; on the publication his-
tory of this document, see also 85.
38. Andrews, Drake’s Voyages, 175.
39. “John Troughton’s journal,” in The Last Voyage, 111. In Drake’s Voyages, Andrews
makes the point that at Rio de la Hache, “some of the Spaniards and about a hundred Ne-
groes helped the raiders to locate hidden valuables” ( 172 ); see also Hakluyt, 10 : 243.
40 .The Last Voyage, 212. This focus may indeed be why the presence of “Negresses”
drops out of most accounts.
41 .The Last Voyage, 212. This account was published in 1625 , in Samuel Purchas, Hak-
luytus Post-humus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes.
42. Maynarde references one settlement thus in passing, The Last Voyage, 99.
43. Hakluyt, 10 : 236.
44. Hakluyt, 10 : 241. G. B. Harrison describes the scene as a washing and refurbish-
notes to pages 104–107 215