ing of the ships; A Second Elizabethan Journal: Being a Record of Those Things Most Talked
of During the Years 1595–1598(London: Constable & Co., 1931 ), 97 – 99.
45. Troughton, in The Last Voyage, 111.
46. “Letter from Francis Drake to Pedro Suarez Coronel, governor of Puerto Rico,”
inThe Last Voyage, 174.
47. Drake, in The Last Voyage, 174.
48. Harrison, 107 – 8.
49. Harrison, 108.
50. Harrison, 108.
51. Harrison, 108. Owsley also had been commissioned to negotiate with the Emperor
of Morocco in 1589 , concerning an English venture to Portugal and Spain. The only record
which appears in Hakluyt explains (somewhat obliquely): “At this time also was the Ambas-
sador from the Emperor of Marocco, called Reys Hamet Bencasamp, returned, and with
him M. Ciprian, a Gentleman of good place and desert, was sent from Don Antonio, and
Captaine Ousley from the Generals to the Emperor” ( 6 : 511 ). Owsley’s mission is unclear.
52. Harrison, 108 ; emphasis added.
53. Contreras, in The Last Voyage, 190.
54. Contreras, in The Last Voyage, 190.
55. “Report on the return of the English to Porto Belo and subsequent events,” in The
Last Voyage, 230.
56. On this exchange, see also Fryer, 10 – 12.
57 .Acts of the Privy Council, 20 – 21.
58. Gerzina tries to lay out how and how many “blacks” were located in London, but
her evidence for the sixteenth and early seventeenth century is necessarily sketchy. See
James Walvin, Black and White: The Negro and English Society 1555–1945(London: Allen
Lane, 1973), esp. 7–10,and Forallin Shyllon, Black People in Britain 1555–1833(London:
Oxford University Press, 1977), esp. 3–7.
59. See Blackburn, 65 – 102.
60. Susan Phillips has found provocative references to Negroes in an English-Spanish
language manual, The Spanish Schoole-master(London, 1591 ), where a dialogue between a
Negro servant and his master appears unremarkable; from her talk, “Multi-lingual Wheel-
ing and Dealing: Dictionaries and the Early Modern Marketplace,” Shakespeare Associa-
tion of America Annual Meeting, San Diego, Calif., April 7 , 2007.
61. I am grateful to Maurice Lee, for explaining to me what kind of public documents
these “open letters” or “letters patent” were.
62. Quoted in Jones, The Elizabethan Image of Africa, 20 – 21. See also Hughes and
Larkin, eds., 221–22.
chapter five
1. Fuchs, esp. 99 – 117.
2. The trajectory I am tracing here is Root’s.216 notes to pages 107–118